Amnesia: Difference between revisions

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'''Amnesia''' is ~~an effect which is induced by many hallucinogenic drugs. It can be described~~ as the ~~simple experience of not being able~~ to ~~remember the events which occurred under the influence~~ of a ~~substance once~~ the ~~person has sobered up~~. ~~It is present in varying degrees across many different substances~~, ~~ranging from something which only occurs at~~ the ~~highest dosages to something~~ which ~~consistently occurs even with lower~~ to ~~moderate dosages. This feels as if it~~ is the ~~result of~~ a ~~suppression of memory formation and feels identical~~ to ~~the way in which people~~ often ~~forget their dreams almost immediately after waking up~~.

'''Amnesia''' is defined as a global impairment in the ability to acquire new memories regardless of sensory modality, and a loss of some memories, especially recent ones, from the period before amnesia began.<ref name="SquireZola1997">{{cite journal|last1=Squire|first1=L. R.|last2=Zola|first2=S. M.|title=Amnesia, memory and brain systems|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=352|issue=1362|year=1997|pages=1663–1673|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0148}}</ref> During states of amnesia a person will usually retain functional perceptual abilities and short-term memory which can still be used to recall events that recently occurred; this effect is distinct from the memory impairment produced by [[sedation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Veselis, R. A.)), ((Reinsel, R. A.)), ((Feshchenko, V. A.)) | journal=Anesthesiology | title=Drug-induced Amnesia Is a Separate Phenomenon from Sedation | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=896–907 | date=1 October 2001 | url=https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/95/4/896/39144/Druginduced-Amnesia-Is-a-Separate-Phenomenon-from | issn=0003-3022 | doi=10.1097/00000542-200110000-00018}}</ref> As such, a person experiencing amnesia may not obviously appear to be doing so, as they can often carry on normal conversations and perform complex tasks.

~~The best way~~ to ~~combat drug~~-induced ~~amnesia is~~ to ~~document~~ the ~~experience through either video or audio recording whilst making~~ a ~~conscious effort~~ to ~~verbally communicate what~~ is ~~happening~~. ~~Another alternative~~ is to ~~have a friend ask the user questions regarding their current state~~ of ~~mind~~ and ~~take detailed notes~~ to the ~~best~~ of ~~their abilities~~.

This state of mind is commonly referred to as a "blackout", an experience that can be divided into 2 formal categories: "fragmentary" blackouts and "en bloc" blackouts.<ref name="HartzlerFromme2003">{{cite journal|last1=Hartzler|first1=Bryan|last2=Fromme|first2=Kim|title=Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss.|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol|volume=64|issue=4|year=2003|pages=547–550|issn=0096-882X|doi=10.15288/jsa.2003.64.547}}</ref> Fragmentary blackouts, sometimes known as "brownouts", are characterized by having the ability to recall specific events from an intoxicated period but remaining unaware that certain memories are missing until reminded of the existence of those gaps in memory. Studies suggest that fragmentary blackouts are far more common than "en bloc" blackouts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((White, A. M.)), ((Signer, M. L.)), ((Kraus, C. L.)), ((Swartzwelder, H. S.)) | journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse | title=Experiential Aspects of Alcohol‐Induced Blackouts Among College Students | volume=30 | issue=1 | pages=205–224 | date=1 January 2004 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1081/ADA-120029874 | doi=10.1081/ADA-120029874}}</ref> In comparison, En bloc blackouts are characterized by a complete inability to later recall any memories from an intoxicated period, even when prompted. It is usually difficult to determine the point at which this type of blackout has ended as sleep typically occurs before this happens.<ref name="GoodwinCrane1969">{{cite journal|last1=Goodwin|first1=Donald W.|last2=Crane|first2=J. Bruce|last3=Guze|first3=Samuel B.|title=Alcoholic "Blackouts": A Review and Clinical Study of 100 Alcoholics|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=126|issue=2|year=1969|pages=191–198|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.126.2.191}}</ref>

Amnesia is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]], [[sedation]], and [[memory suppression]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]], such as [[alcohol]],<ref name="LeeRoh2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hamin|last2=Roh|first2=Sungwon|last3=Kim|first3=Dai Jin|title=Alcohol-Induced Blackout|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=6|issue=11|year=2009|pages=2783–2792|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph6112783}}</ref> [[benzodiazepines]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mejo, S. L.)) | journal=The Nurse Practitioner | title=Anterograde Amnesia Linked to Benzodiazepines: | volume=17 | issue=10 | pages=44–50 | date= October 1992 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006205-199210000-00013 | issn=0361-1817 | doi=10.1097/00006205-199210000-00013}}</ref> [[GHB]],<ref name="BarkerHarris2007">{{cite journal|last1=Barker|first1=Judith C.|last2=Harris|first2=Shana L.|last3=Dyer|first3=Jo E.|title=Experiences of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Ingestion: A Focus Group Study|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=39|issue=2|year=2007|pages=115–129|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2007.10399870}}</ref> and [[zolpidem]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Canaday, B. R.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy | title=Amnesia possibly associated with zolpidem administration | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=687–689 | date= August 1996 | issn=0277-0008}}</ref>. However, it can also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of extremely heavy dosages of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]], [[Salvia divinorum]], and [[deliriant|deliriants]].

</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

Compounds ~~from~~ our [[psychoactive substance index]] which ~~our~~ may cause this effect include:

Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive ~~substances~~]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===Experience reports===

Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===See also===

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Subjective effects index]]

*[[Memory enhancement]]

*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]

*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]

*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]

[[Category:Cognitive ~~suppression~~]]

===External links===

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia Amnesia (Wikipedia)]

===References===

[[Category:Cognitive]]

[[Category:Depression]]

[[Category:Effect]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <onlyinclude>
-'''Amnesia''' is an effect which is induced by many hallucinogenic drugs. It can be described as the simple experience of not being able to remember the events which occurred under the influence of a substance once the person has sobered up. It is present in varying degrees across many different substances, ranging from something which only occurs at the highest dosages to something which consistently occurs even with lower to moderate dosages. This feels as if it is the result of a suppression of memory formation and feels identical to the way in which people often forget their dreams almost immediately after waking up.
+'''Amnesia''' is defined as a global impairment in the ability to acquire new memories regardless of sensory modality, and a loss of some memories, especially recent ones, from the period before amnesia began.<ref name="SquireZola1997">{{cite journal|last1=Squire|first1=L. R.|last2=Zola|first2=S. M.|title=Amnesia, memory and brain systems|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=352|issue=1362|year=1997|pages=1663–1673|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0148}}</ref> During states of amnesia a person will usually retain functional perceptual abilities and short-term memory which can still be used to recall events that recently occurred; this effect is distinct from the memory impairment produced by [[sedation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Veselis, R. A.)), ((Reinsel, R. A.)), ((Feshchenko, V. A.)) | journal=Anesthesiology | title=Drug-induced Amnesia Is a Separate Phenomenon from Sedation | volume=95 | issue=4 | pages=896–907 | date=1 October 2001 | url=https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/95/4/896/39144/Druginduced-Amnesia-Is-a-Separate-Phenomenon-from | issn=0003-3022 | doi=10.1097/00000542-200110000-00018}}</ref> As such, a person experiencing amnesia may not obviously appear to be doing so, as they can often carry on normal conversations and perform complex tasks.
-The best way to combat drug-induced amnesia is to document the experience through either video or audio recording whilst making a conscious effort to verbally communicate what is happening. Another alternative is to have a friend ask the user questions regarding their current state of mind and take detailed notes to the best of their abilities.
+This state of mind is commonly referred to as a "blackout", an experience that can be divided into 2 formal categories: "fragmentary" blackouts and "en bloc" blackouts.<ref name="HartzlerFromme2003">{{cite journal|last1=Hartzler|first1=Bryan|last2=Fromme|first2=Kim|title=Fragmentary and en bloc blackouts: similarity and distinction among episodes of alcohol-induced memory loss.|journal=Journal of Studies on Alcohol|volume=64|issue=4|year=2003|pages=547–550|issn=0096-882X|doi=10.15288/jsa.2003.64.547}}</ref> Fragmentary blackouts, sometimes known as "brownouts", are characterized by having the ability to recall specific events from an intoxicated period but remaining unaware that certain memories are missing until reminded of the existence of those gaps in memory. Studies suggest that fragmentary blackouts are far more common than "en bloc" blackouts.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((White, A. M.)), ((Signer, M. L.)), ((Kraus, C. L.)), ((Swartzwelder, H. S.)) | journal=The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse | title=Experiential Aspects of Alcohol‐Induced Blackouts Among College Students | volume=30 | issue=1 | pages=205–224 | date=1 January 2004 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1081/ADA-120029874 | doi=10.1081/ADA-120029874}}</ref> In comparison, En bloc blackouts are characterized by a complete inability to later recall any memories from an intoxicated period, even when prompted. It is usually difficult to determine the point at which this type of blackout has ended as sleep typically occurs before this happens.<ref name="GoodwinCrane1969">{{cite journal|last1=Goodwin|first1=Donald W.|last2=Crane|first2=J. Bruce|last3=Guze|first3=Samuel B.|title=Alcoholic "Blackouts": A Review and Clinical Study of 100 Alcoholics|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=126|issue=2|year=1969|pages=191–198|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.126.2.191}}</ref>
+Amnesia is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[disinhibition]], [[sedation]], and [[memory suppression]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]], such as [[alcohol]],<ref name="LeeRoh2009">{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Hamin|last2=Roh|first2=Sungwon|last3=Kim|first3=Dai Jin|title=Alcohol-Induced Blackout|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=6|issue=11|year=2009|pages=2783–2792|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph6112783}}</ref> [[benzodiazepines]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mejo, S. L.)) | journal=The Nurse Practitioner | title=Anterograde Amnesia Linked to Benzodiazepines: | volume=17 | issue=10 | pages=44–50 | date= October 1992 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006205-199210000-00013 | issn=0361-1817 | doi=10.1097/00006205-199210000-00013}}</ref> [[GHB]],<ref name="BarkerHarris2007">{{cite journal|last1=Barker|first1=Judith C.|last2=Harris|first2=Shana L.|last3=Dyer|first3=Jo E.|title=Experiences of Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Ingestion: A Focus Group Study|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=39|issue=2|year=2007|pages=115–129|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2007.10399870}}</ref> and [[zolpidem]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Canaday, B. R.)) | journal=Pharmacotherapy | title=Amnesia possibly associated with zolpidem administration | volume=16 | issue=4 | pages=687–689 | date= August 1996 | issn=0277-0008}}</ref>. However, it can also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of extremely heavy dosages of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]], [[Salvia divinorum]], and [[deliriant|deliriants]].
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
-Compounds from our [[psychoactive substance index]] which our may cause this effect include:
+Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
-{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substances]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
+{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
+===Experience reports===
+Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
+{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Amnesia]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
 ===See also===
+*[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Subjective effects index]]
+*[[Memory enhancement]]
 *[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
-[[Category:Cognitive suppression]]
+===External links===
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia Amnesia (Wikipedia)]
+===References===
+<references />
+[[Category:Cognitive]]
+[[Category:Depression]]
+[[Category:Effect]]