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Entactogen: Difference between revisions

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The terms '''entactogen''' and '''empathogen''' are used to describe a class of psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of [[MDMA]]. The term "'''empathogen'''" was coined in 1983 by Ralph Metzner to denote chemical agents inducing feelings of empathy. "'''Entactogen'''" was coined by [[David E. Nichols]] as an alternative to "empathogen", attempting to avoid the potential for improper association of the latter with negative connotations related to the Greek root "pathos" (''suffering'').
'''Entactogens''' (also known as '''empathogens''') are a class of [[psychoactive substances]] that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of [[MDMA]].  


Nichols also thought the word was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy. The word "entactogen" is derived from the roots "en" (within), "tactus" (touch) and "gen" (Greek: ''produce''). Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.
The term "'''empathogen'''" was coined in 1983 by Ralph Metzner to denote chemical agents capable of inducing feelings of empathy. "'''Entactogen'''" was coined by [[David E. Nichols]] as an alternative to "empathogen," attempting to avoid the potential for an improper association of the latter with negative connotations related to the Greek root "pathos" (''suffering'').


==History==
==Etymology==
The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Holland|editor-first=Julie|last1=Metzner|first1=Ralph|last2=Adamson|first2=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}<!--|accessdate=6 January 2015--></ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>


Nichols also thought the original term was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy.<ref name=Nichols93>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D|last2=Yensen|first2=R|last3=Metzner|first3=R|last4=Shakespeare|first4=W|title=The Great Entactogen - Empathogen Debate|journal=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS|date=1993|volume=4|issue=2|pages=47–49|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v04n2/04247eed.html|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The hybrid word ''entactogen'' is derived from the roots ''en'' (|within), ''tactus'' (touch) and ''-gen'' (produce).<ref name=Nichols86/> Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
{{quote|text="Therapists used entactogens such as MDMA in their practice before it was criminalized in 1985. Since that time, much effort has taken place to conduct government-approved scientific research into MDMA's therapeutic potential, which has recently been demonstrated in placebo-controlled studies of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder."|sign=Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.|source=[https://store.maps.org/np/clients/maps/product.jsp?product=801 MAPS]}}
{{quote|text="Therapists used entactogens such as MDMA in their practice before it was criminalized in 1985. Since that time, much effort has taken place to conduct government-approved scientific research into MDMA's therapeutic potential, which has recently been demonstrated in placebo-controlled studies of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder."|sign=Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.|source=[https://store.maps.org/np/clients/maps/product.jsp?product=801 MAPS]}}


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[PsychonautWiki#Contributors|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely if ever occur all at once but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects. The effect is listed and defined in its own dedicated article below:
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
*'''[[Effect:Empathy, love and sociability enhancement|Empathy, love and sociability enhancement]]'''
Alongside of this, a variety of non-essential secondary effects are often present. These generally include but are not limited to:
*'''[[Physical effects: Stimulation|Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Euphoria|Euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Thought acceleration|Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Introspection|Introspection]]'''


==Examples==
These effects are listed and defined in their own dedicated article below:
The chemicals below have varying degrees of entactogenic effects. Some of the chemicals have a minimal entactogenic effect while others may have a strong entactogenic effect. Many of these substances possess other effects including [[Stimulants|stimulant]] effects and [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] effects.
*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]'''
Alongside of these, a variety of secondary effects are often present. These generally include (but are not limited to):
*'''[[Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive euphoria|Euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Introspection]]'''


==List of entactogens==
The compounds below have varying degrees of entactogenic effects. Some of the chemicals have a minimal entactogenic effect while others may have a strong entactogenic effect. Many of these substances possess other effects including [[Stimulants|stimulant]] effects and [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] effects.
*[[1,4-Butanediol]]
*[[2C-B]]
*[[2C-I]]
*[[3-FEA]]
*[[3-MMC]]
*[[4-FA]]
*[[4-FA]]
*[[4-MTA]]
*[[5-APB]]
*[[5-APB]]
*[[5-APDB]]
*[[5-APDB]]
*[[6-APB]]
*[[5-EAPB]]
*[[5-EAPDB]]
*[[5-MAPB]]
*[[5-MAPDB]]
*[[5-MAPDI]]
*[[5-MeO-DALT]]
*[[5-MeO-DiPT]]
*[[5-MeO-MiPT]]
*[[6-APB]] (''Benzo fury'')
*[[6-APDB]]
*[[6-APDB]]
*[[2C-B]]
*[[6-EAPB]]
*[[2C-I]]
*[[6-EAPDB]]
*[[bk-MBDB]]
*[[6-MAPB]]
*[[5-APDI]]
*[[6-MAPDB]]
*[[MDAI]]
*[[αMT]]
*[[Butylone]]
*[[GBL]]
*[[GHB]]
*[[IBF5MAP]]
*[[MBDB]]
*[[MBDB]]
*[[MDA]]
*[[MDA]]
*[[MDAI]]
*[[MDEA]]
*[[MDEA]]
*[[MDMA]]
*[[MDMA]]
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*[[Methylone]]
*[[Methylone]]
*[[MMA]]
*[[MMA]]
*[[5-MeO-DiPT]]
*[[MMDA]]
*[[5-MeO-MiPT]]
*[[PMA]]
*[[AMT]]
*[[PMMA]]
*[[AET]]
*[[GHB]]


==See Also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]
*[[MDMA]]
==External links==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen Empathogen–entactogen (Wikipedia)]
==Literature==
* Nichols, D.E., Hoffman, A.J., Oberlender, R.A., Jacob P 3rd & [[Alexander Shulgin|Shulgin A.T.]] Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class. 1986. J Med Chem 29. 2009-15.
* Nichols, D.E. Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens. 1986. J Psychoactive Drugs 18. 305-13.


==References==
==References==
* Nichols, D.E., Hoffman, A.J., Oberlender, R.A., Jacob P 3rd & [[Alexander Shulgin|Shulgin A.T.]] ''Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class'' 1986 J Med Chem 29 2009-15
[[Category:Psychoactive class]]
* Nichols, D.E. ''Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic [[Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants|hallucinogen]]s. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens'' 1986 J Psychoactive Drugs 18 305-13
[[Category:Entactogen|*]]
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