Talk:Dextrorphan: Difference between revisions

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Dextrorphan (DXO) is the ~~pro-drug for~~ [[~~Dextromethorphan~~]]. ~~This means that it is metabolized in~~ the ~~body from DXM to form DXO, both of which are~~ active ~~chemicals which contribute towards the experience of subjective effects. The pharmacology of dextrorphan is similar to that~~ of dextromethorphan (DXM). ~~However, dextrorphan is much more potent as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] as well as essentially inactive~~ as a ~~[[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]]~~.<ref>~~Psychotropic Effects~~ of ~~Dextromethorphan Are Altered~~ by ~~the CYP2D6 Polymorphism~~: ~~A Pilot Study [http~~://~~journals~~.~~lww~~.~~com~~/~~psychopharmacology~~/~~pages~~/~~articleviewer~~.~~aspx?year=1998&issue=08000&article=00014&type=abstract]~~</ref>

'''Dextrorphan''' (also known as '''DXO''') is a [[dissociative]] drug of the [[morphinan]] class. It's the main active metabolite of [[dextromethorphan]] ('''DXM'''). It appears as a colorless powder.<ref>

"Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student." Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student. Erowid.org, 15 Sept. 2001. Web. 15 Apr. 2015 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_info3.shtml</ref>

==See ~~Also~~==

==Chemistry==

Dextrorphan is a dextrorotatory molecule of the morphinan class. It contains a phenanthrene core structure with one aromatic ring (benzene) bound to two saturated rings (cyclohexane). [[Dextromethorphan]] is metabolized in the body by o-demethylation through the CYP2D6 enzyme to form Dextrorphan.<ref>Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of dextromethorphan: fetal and adult studies. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1306804</ref>

==Pharmacology==

The pharmacology of dextrorphan is similar to that of dextromethorphan (DXM). However, dextrorphan is much more potent as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] as well as essentially inactive as a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].<ref>Psychotropic Effects of Dextromethorphan Are Altered by the CYP2D6 Polymorphism: A Pilot Study | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1998&issue=08000&article=00014&type=abstract</ref> DXO is an active chemical and contributes to the [[DXM#Subjective effects|subjective effects]] experienced when active doses of DXM are consumed.<ref>Dextromethorphan: An update on its utility for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders - 3. Pharmacodynamics (January 2016) | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292212463_Dextromethorphan_An_update_on_its_utility_for_neurological_and_neuropsychiatric_disorders</ref>

===Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>)===

* NMDA antagonist - 486 nM

* Sigma-1 agonist - 351 nM

* Serotonin transporter (SERT) - 484 nM

* Mu opioid agonist - 420 nM

==Subjective effects==

One user reported excessive itchiness accompanied by a "peaceful yet emotionless state" after 340mg of the substance was consumed.<ref>

"Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student." Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student. Erowid.org, 15 Sept. 2001. Web. 15 Apr. 2015 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_info3.shtml</ref>

{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|

*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Gustatory hallucinations]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]''' - This effect has become subsequently known as "robo-itch" and though relatively common there are many users who never experience this particular effect while some individuals can experience it quite intensely.

*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''

*'''[[Motor control loss|Motor control loss]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Perception of decreased weight]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]'''

}}

|{{effects/cognitive|

*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Information processing suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''

}}

===Experience reports===

There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:DXO]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].

{{#ask: [[Category:DXO]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}

Additional experience reports can be found here:

*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_DXO.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: DXO]

==Toxicity and harm potential==

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.

===Lethal dosage===

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

===Dangerous interactions===

==Legal issues==

* '''Germany''': Dextrorphan is uncontrolled.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

* '''Poland''': Dextrorphan is unscheduled.<ref>List of scheduled substances in Poland. | http://www2.mz.gov.pl/wwwfiles/ma_struktura/docs/zal2_uopnarkomanii_29072005.pdf</ref>

* '''United States''': Dextrorphan is unscheduled since October 1, 1976.<ref>DEA: "Lists of: Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals"</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Dextromethorphan]]

*[[Dissociative]]

*[[NMDA receptor antagonist]]

*[[Morphinan]]

*[[MXE]]

==External links==

*[[wikipedia:Dextrorphan|Dextrorphan (Wikipedia)]]

==References==

[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]

[[Category:Morphinan]]

[[Category:Dissociative]]

[[Category:Approval]]

[[Category:Proofread]]

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-{{Stub}}
+{{decree|type=notice|message=This article is in the 'Talk' namespace because it is an unfinished draft. This section is used to host drafts for unpublished articles as well as discussions for published ones. If you'd like to use this area to discuss this draft, please do so in the 'Discussion' section at the very bottom of the page. This notice will be removed once this draft has been approved for publication by an administrator.}}
+{{headerpanel|{{approval}}}}
+{{SummarySheet}}
+{{SubstanceBox/DXO}}
-Dextrorphan (DXO) is the pro-drug for [[Dextromethorphan]]. This means that it is metabolized in the body from DXM to form DXO, both of which are active chemicals which contribute towards the experience of subjective effects. The pharmacology of dextrorphan is similar to that of dextromethorphan (DXM). However, dextrorphan is much more potent as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] as well as essentially inactive as a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].<ref>Psychotropic Effects of Dextromethorphan Are Altered by the CYP2D6 Polymorphism: A Pilot Study [http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1998&issue=08000&article=00014&type=abstract]</ref>
+'''Dextrorphan''' (also known as '''DXO''') is a [[dissociative]] drug of the [[morphinan]] class. It's the main active metabolite of [[dextromethorphan]] ('''DXM'''). It appears as a colorless powder.<ref>
+"Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student." Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student. Erowid.org, 15 Sept. 2001. Web. 15 Apr. 2015 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_info3.shtml</ref>
-==See Also==
+==Chemistry==
+Dextrorphan is a dextrorotatory molecule of the morphinan class. It contains a phenanthrene core structure with one aromatic ring (benzene) bound to two saturated rings (cyclohexane). [[Dextromethorphan]] is metabolized in the body by o-demethylation through the CYP2D6 enzyme to form Dextrorphan.<ref>Cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of dextromethorphan: fetal and adult studies. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1306804</ref>
+==Pharmacology==
+The pharmacology of dextrorphan is similar to that of dextromethorphan (DXM). However, dextrorphan is much more potent as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] as well as essentially inactive as a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].<ref>Psychotropic Effects of Dextromethorphan Are Altered by the CYP2D6 Polymorphism: A Pilot Study | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1998&issue=08000&article=00014&type=abstract</ref> DXO is an active chemical and contributes to the [[DXM#Subjective effects|subjective effects]] experienced when active doses of DXM are consumed.<ref>Dextromethorphan: An update on its utility for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders - 3. Pharmacodynamics (January 2016) | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292212463_Dextromethorphan_An_update_on_its_utility_for_neurological_and_neuropsychiatric_disorders</ref>
+===Binding affinities (K<sub>i</sub>)===
+* NMDA antagonist - 486 nM
+* Sigma-1 agonist - 351 nM
+* Serotonin transporter (SERT) - 484 nM
+* Mu opioid agonist - 420 nM
+==Subjective effects==
+{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
+One user reported excessive itchiness accompanied by a "peaceful yet emotionless state" after 340mg of the substance was consumed.<ref>
+"Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student." Erowid DXM Vault : An Unpleasant Exploration of DXO, by Student. Erowid.org, 15 Sept. 2001. Web. 15 Apr. 2015 | https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dxm/dxm_info3.shtml</ref>
+{{effects/base
+|{{effects/physical|
+*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Gustatory hallucinations]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]''' - This effect has become subsequently known as "robo-itch" and though relatively common there are many users who never experience this particular effect while some individuals can experience it quite intensely.
+*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
+*'''[[Motor control loss|Motor control loss]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Perception of decreased weight]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]'''
+}}
+|{{effects/cognitive|
+*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Information processing suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''
+}}
+}}
+===Experience reports===
+There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:DXO]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
+{{#ask: [[Category:DXO]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
+Additional experience reports can be found here:
+*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_DXO.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: DXO]
+==Toxicity and harm potential==
+{{toxicity}}
+It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
+===Lethal dosage===
+===Tolerance and addiction potential===
+===Dangerous interactions===
+{{DangerousInteractions}}
+{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
+{{DangerousInteractions/Dissociatives}}
+==Legal issues==
+{{legalStub}}
+* '''Germany''': Dextrorphan is uncontrolled.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
+* '''Poland''': Dextrorphan is unscheduled.<ref>List of scheduled substances in Poland. | http://www2.mz.gov.pl/wwwfiles/ma_struktura/docs/zal2_uopnarkomanii_29072005.pdf</ref>
+* '''United States''': Dextrorphan is unscheduled since October 1, 1976.<ref>DEA: "Lists of: Scheduling Actions Controlled Substances Regulated Chemicals"</ref>
+==See also==
+*[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Dextromethorphan]]
+*[[Dissociative]]
+*[[NMDA receptor antagonist]]
+*[[Morphinan]]
+*[[MXE]]
+==External links==
+*[[wikipedia:Dextrorphan|Dextrorphan (Wikipedia)]]
 ==References==
 <references />
+[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
 [[Category:Morphinan]]
+[[Category:Dissociative]]
+[[Category:Approval]]
+[[Category:Proofread]]