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Cocoa: Difference between revisions
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==Dosage== | ==Dosage== | ||
See [[UserWiki:David_Hedlund/Dark_chocolate_milk|dark chocolate milk]] for preparation. | |||
See [[dark chocolate milk]] for preparation. | |||
===Dosages based on cocoa strain=== | |||
The caffeine content in the table is base on the calculation from various [[#Cocoa varieties|cocoa varieties]].<ref name="Gene A. Spiller" /> | |||
=== | {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:smaller" | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Level | |||
! colspan="4" | Cocoa bean strain | |||
|- | |||
! Criollo | |||
! Trinitario | |||
! Nacional | |||
! Forastero | |||
|- | |||
| Threshold: 20-50 mg caffeine | |||
| 2-4 g | |||
| 3-9 g | |||
| 8-21 g | |||
| 15-38 g | |||
|- | |||
| Light: 50-100 mg caffeine | |||
| 4-9 g | |||
| 9-16 g | |||
| 21-42 g | |||
| 38-77 g | |||
|- | |||
| Common: 100-200 mg caffeine | |||
| 9-18 g | |||
| 16-32 | |||
| 42-83 g | |||
| 77-154 g | |||
|- | |||
| Strong: 200-300 mg caffeine | |||
| 18-27 g | |||
| 32-48 g | |||
| 83-125 g | |||
| 154-231 g | |||
|- | |||
| Heavy: 300-400 mg caffeine | |||
| 27-35 g | |||
| 48-63 g | |||
| 125-167 g | |||
| 231-308 g | |||
|} | |||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
Several mixtures of cacao are described in ancient texts, for ceremonial or medicinal, as well as culinary, purposes. Some mixtures included maize, chili, vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), and honey. Archaeological evidence for use of cacao, while relatively sparse, has come from the recovery of whole cacao beans at Uaxactun, Guatemala.<ref>Kidder (1947).</ref> | Several mixtures of cacao are described in ancient texts, for ceremonial or medicinal, as well as culinary, purposes. Some mixtures included maize, chili, vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), and honey. Archaeological evidence for use of cacao, while relatively sparse, has come from the recovery of whole cacao beans at Uaxactun, Guatemala.<ref>Kidder (1947).</ref> | ||
Ceremonial cacao has been experiencing a surge in popularity in recent years. | Ceremonial cacao, along with retreats centered around its use, has been experiencing a surge in popularity in recent years. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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* Theobromine:<ref name="Cocoa content" /> 2060 mg/100 g<ref name="usda" /> | * Theobromine:<ref name="Cocoa content" /> 2060 mg/100 g<ref name="usda" /> | ||
* Theophylline<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franco |first1=R |last2=Oñatibia-Astibia |first2=A |last3=Martínez-Pinilla |first3=E |title=Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate. |journal=Nutrients |date=18 October 2013 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4159-73 |doi=10.3390/nu5104159 |pmid=24145871}}</ref> | * Theophylline<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franco |first1=R |last2=Oñatibia-Astibia |first2=A |last3=Martínez-Pinilla |first3=E |title=Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate. |journal=Nutrients |date=18 October 2013 |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4159-73 |doi=10.3390/nu5104159 |pmid=24145871}}</ref> | ||
* [[Tryptamine]]<ref name="Cocoa content" /> | * [[Tryptamine (compound)|Tryptamine]]<ref name="Cocoa content" /> | ||
* [[Tryptophan]]:<ref name="Cocoa content" /> 0.293 g/100 g<ref name="usda" /> | * [[Tryptophan]]:<ref name="Cocoa content" /> 0.293 g/100 g<ref name="usda" /> | ||
* [[Tyramine]]<ref name="Cocoa content" /> | * [[Tyramine]]<ref name="Cocoa content" /> | ||
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===Cocoa varieties=== | ===Cocoa varieties=== | ||
Caffeine content mg/g (sorted by lowest caffeine content):<ref>https://books.google.se/books?id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&pg=PA171&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | Caffeine content mg/g (sorted by lowest caffeine content):<ref name="Gene A. Spiller">https://books.google.se/books?id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&pg=PA171&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> | ||
* Forastero (defatted): 1.3 mg/g | * Forastero (defatted): 1.3 mg/g | ||
* Nacional (defatted): 2.4 mg/g | * Nacional (defatted): 2.4 mg/g | ||
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Theobromine has a half-life of 10 hours but over 16% may be unmodified 48 h after a single dose of 10 mg/Kg.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Pinilla |first1=E |last2=Oñatibia-Astibia |first2=A |last3=Franco |first3=R |title=The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. |journal=Frontiers in pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=6 |pages=30 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2015.00030 |pmid=25750625 |pmc=4335269}}</ref> | Theobromine has a half-life of 10 hours but over 16% may be unmodified 48 h after a single dose of 10 mg/Kg.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-Pinilla |first1=E |last2=Oñatibia-Astibia |first2=A |last3=Franco |first3=R |title=The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. |journal=Frontiers in pharmacology |date=2015 |volume=6 |pages=30 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2015.00030 |pmid=25750625 |pmc=4335269}}</ref> | ||
It may take 4-8 weeks of caffeine abstinence to reset tolerance in regular users.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cappelletti |first1=S |last2=Piacentino |first2=D |last3=Sani |first3=G |last4=Aromatario |first4=M |title=Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug? |journal=Current neuropharmacology |date=January 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71-88 |doi=10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655 |pmid=26074744 |pmc=4462044}}</ref> | |||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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Although cocoa is relatively safe when ingested orally, snorting cocoa is very damaging to nasal passages and therefore it is not recommended to snort cocoa powder often, in large amounts, or potentially even at all. | Although cocoa is relatively safe when ingested orally, snorting cocoa is very damaging to nasal passages and therefore it is not recommended to snort cocoa powder often, in large amounts, or potentially even at all. | ||
Snorted cocoa has | Snorted cocoa has been used as a "party drug" in Europe, usually as a legal and subtle replacement for [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I tried sniffing cocoa to get high on a night out and it was surprisingly good |url=https://thetab.com/uk/2016/06/20/i-spent-saturday-night-getting-high-sniffing-cocoa-3438 |work=UK |date=20 June 2016}}</ref><ref>https://thetab.com/uk/2016/06/20/i-spent-saturday-night-getting-high-sniffing-cocoa-3438</ref> Cocoa solids is a very bulky substance. Insufflation of cocoa solids in the respiratory tract can cause inflammation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Different Effects in Your Body When You Snort Cacao Powder |url=https://www.verywellmind.com/snorting-lines-of-cacao-powder-4098590 |website=Verywell Mind |language=en}}</ref> | ||
===Overdose=== | ===Overdose=== | ||