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Progesterone: Difference between revisions

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{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}{{DepressantOD|GABAergics|Opioids}}}}
{{headerpanel|{{DepressantOD|GABAergics|Opioids}}}}
{{SubstanceBox/Progesterone}}
{{SubstanceBox/Progesterone}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SummarySheet}}
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Progesterone is commonly used as a part of [[wikipedia:Transgender_hormone_therapy|trans-feminising hormone therapy]] or [[wikipedia:Menopause|post menopausal]] [[wikipedia:Hormone replacement therapy|Hormone replacement therapy]].
Progesterone is commonly used as a part of [[wikipedia:Transgender_hormone_therapy|trans-feminising hormone therapy]] or [[wikipedia:Menopause|post menopausal]] [[wikipedia:Hormone replacement therapy|Hormone replacement therapy]].
[[File:Progesterone Blister.jpg|thumb|Progesterone Benis 200mg]]
[[File:Progesterone Blister.jpg|thumb|Progesterone Besins 200mg]]


==History and culture==
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the ''[[wikipedia:Gdańsk_University_of_Technology|Chemisches Institut of Technical University]]'' in [[wikipedia:Gdańsk]]. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.
Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the ''[[wikipedia::Gdańsk_University_of_Technology|Chemisches Institut of Technical University]]'' in [[wikipedia::Gdańsk]]. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.
<ref name="Josimovich 2013 p.">{{cite book | last=Josimovich | first=J.B. | title=Gynecologic Endocrinology | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25| isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 |pages=9, 25–29 }}</ref>
<ref name="Josimovich 2013 p. ">{{cite book | last=Josimovich | first=J.B. | title=Gynecologic Endocrinology | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25| isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 |pages=9, 25–29 }}</ref>


In a 2012 study higher levels of progesterone were linked to lower affinity to competitive behavior in women.<ref name="Buser 2012 pp. 1–10">{{cite journal | last=Buser | first=Thomas | title=The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|series=Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Competition|volume=83|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006|issn=0167-2681|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143019/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Piosik 2003 pp. 135–138">{{cite journal | last=Piosik | first=Romuald | title=Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig | journal=CHEMKON | volume=10 | issue=3 | date=2003 | issn=0944-5846 | doi=10.1002/ckon.200390038 | pages=135–138}}</ref>
In a 2012 study higher levels of progesterone were linked to lower affinity to competitive behavior in women.<ref name="Buser 2012 pp. 1–10">{{cite journal | last=Buser | first=Thomas | title=The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|series=Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Competition|volume=83|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006|issn=0167-2681|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143019/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Piosik 2003 pp. 135–138">{{cite journal | last=Piosik | first=Romuald | title=Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig | journal=CHEMKON | volume=10 | issue=3 | date=2003 | issn=0944-5846 | doi=10.1002/ckon.200390038 | pages=135–138}}</ref>
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. It has a double bond (4-ene) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups (3,20-dione), one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position.<ref name="Pubchem">{{Cite web|date= 12 March 2024|title= Compound Summary Progesterone| publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 March 2024|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/progesterone}}</ref>
Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. It has a double bond (4-ene) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups (3,20-dione), one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position.<ref name="Pubchem">{{Cite web|date= 12 March 2024|title= Compound Summary Progesterone| publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 March 2024|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/progesterone}}</ref>
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
Progesterone on it's own acts as a [[antagonist]] on the [[wikipedia:Sigma-2 receptor|'''σ<sub>2</sub>''' receptor]] and as a [[wikipedia:negative allosteric modulator|negative allosteric modulator]] on [[wikipedia:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors|nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]. However most of the psychoactive effects of progesterone are induced by it's metabolites.<ref name="Gonzalez 2020 p. 1846">{{cite journal | last=Gonzalez | first=Susana Laura | title=Progesterone for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: the many signaling roads for a single molecule | journal=Neural Regeneration Research | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=2020 | issn=1673-5374 | pmid=32246629 | pmc=7513974 | doi=10.4103/1673-5374.280314 | doi-access=free | page=1846}}</ref>
Progesterone on it's own acts as a [[antagonist]] on the [[wikipedia:Sigma-2 receptor|'''σ<sub>2</sub>''' receptor]] and as a [[wikipedia:negative allosteric modulator|negative allosteric modulator]] on [[wikipedia:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors|nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]. However most of the psychoactive effects of progesterone are induced by it's metabolites.<ref name="Gonzalez 2020 p. 1846">{{cite journal | last=Gonzalez | first=Susana Laura | title=Progesterone for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: the many signaling roads for a single molecule | journal=Neural Regeneration Research | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=2020 | issn=1673-5374 | pmid=32246629 | pmc=7513974 | doi=10.4103/1673-5374.280314 | doi-access=free | page=1846}}</ref>
===Metabolism===
===Metabolism===
Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are [[wikipedia:allopregnanolone|allopregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:pregnanolone|pregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:isopregnanolone|isopregnanolone]] and [[wikipedia:epipregnanolone|epipregnanolone]].<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are [[wikipedia:allopregnanolone|allopregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:pregnanolone|pregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:isopregnanolone|isopregnanolone]] and [[wikipedia:epipregnanolone|epipregnanolone]].<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]], stress reducing, antiagressive, [[sedative]], sleep aiding, [[analgesic]], [[amnesic]], [[wikipedia:anesthetic|anesthetic]], [[anticonvulsant]] & [[wikipedia:neuroprotective|neuroprotective]] effects.<ref name="Diviccaro Cioffi Falvo Giatti 2022 p. ">{{cite journal | last=Diviccaro | first=Silvia | last2=Cioffi | first2=Lucia | last3=Falvo | first3=Eva | last4=Giatti | first4=Silvia | last5=Melcangi | first5=Roberto Cosimo | title=Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects | journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology | volume=34 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0953-8194 | pmid=34189791 | doi=10.1111/jne.12996 | page=}}</ref><ref name="PubChem p788">{{cite web | title=Brexanolone | website=PubChem | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92786 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABA<sub>A</sub> as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]], stress reducing, antiagressive, [[sedative]], sleep aiding, [[analgesic]], [[amnesic]], [[wikipedia:anesthetic|anesthetic]], [[anticonvulsant]] & [[wikipedia:neuroprotective|neuroprotective]] effects.<ref name="Diviccaro Cioffi Falvo Giatti 2022 p.">{{cite journal | last=Diviccaro | first=Silvia | last2=Cioffi | first2=Lucia | last3=Falvo | first3=Eva | last4=Giatti | first4=Silvia | last5=Melcangi | first5=Roberto Cosimo | title=Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects | journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology | volume=34 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0953-8194 | pmid=34189791 | doi=10.1111/jne.12996 | page=}}</ref><ref name="PubChem p788">{{cite web | title=Brexanolone | website=PubChem | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92786 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABA<sub>A</sub> as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
{{effects/base


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You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].
You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].


*'''[[Effect::Higher core temperature]]''' - at high concentration progesterone elevates body temperature for ~1°C
*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - at high concentration progesterone elevates body temperature for ~1°C
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
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{{effects/aftereffects|
{{effects/aftereffects|


*'''[[Effect::Increased romantic desire]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased breast sensitivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''


}}
}}
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Progesterone]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Progesterone]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
'''Warning:''' Progesterone is a naturally occuring sex hormone, changing its levels might induce gender dysphoria or premenstrual syndrome.
'''Warning:''' Progesterone is a naturally occuring sex hormone, changing its levels might induce gender dysphoria or premenstrual syndrome.


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It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Lethal dosage===
===Lethal dosage===
The observed LD50 in mice was 100mg/kg via intravenous, 327mg/kg intraperitoneal and > 200mg/kg orally, anasthetic effects were observed at 16mg/kg intraperitoneal.<ref name="OEHA2004">{{cite web | publisher=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency | title=EVIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF Progesterone | url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/progeshid5.pdf | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
The observed LD50 in mice was 100mg/kg via intravenous, 327mg/kg intraperitoneal and > 200mg/kg orally, anasthetic effects were observed at 16mg/kg intraperitoneal.<ref name="OEHA2004">{{cite web | publisher=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency | title=EVIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF Progesterone | url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/progeshid5.pdf | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Dependence potential of Progesterone has been sparsely reported by transfeminine people. There is one case report of a women on post menopausal HRT that documents addiction.<ref name="React Weekly 1996 p. 9">{{cite journal | author=&Na; | title=Progesterone abuse Adverse effects: case report | journal=Reactions Weekly | volume=&NA; | issue=599 | date=1996 | issn=0114-9954 | doi=10.2165/00128415-199605990-00031 | page=9}}</ref>
Dependence potential of Progesterone has been sparsely reported by transfeminine people. There is one case report of a women on post menopausal HRT that documents addiction.<ref name="React Weekly 1996 p. 9">{{cite journal | author=&Na; | title=Progesterone abuse Adverse effects: case report | journal=Reactions Weekly | volume=&NA; | issue=599 | date=1996 | issn=0114-9954 | doi=10.2165/00128415-199605990-00031 | page=9}}</ref>


Tolerance to the offects of Progesterone metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=from a pharma perspective this estimate makes sense, but hasn't been medically investigated}}
Tolerance to the offects of Progesterone metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=from a pharma perspective this estimate makes sense, but hasn't been medically investigated}}
===Interactions===
===Interactions===
Combining oral progesterone with food leads to a two fold increase in absorptions. <ref name="Simon Robinson Andrews Hildebrand 1993 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Simon | first=James A. | last2=Robinson | first2=Denise E. | last3=Andrews | first3=Mason C. | last4=Hildebrand | first4=James R. | last5=Rocci | first5=Mario L. | last6=Blake | first6=Richard E. | last7=Hodgen | first7=Gary D. | title=The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone | journal=Fertility and Sterility | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=1993 | doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56031-2 | pages=26–33}}</ref> Since oral progesterone is a oil soluable reports of increased effects when combined with fatty foods do seem plausible.
Combining oral progesterone with food leads to a two fold increase in absorptions. <ref name="Simon Robinson Andrews Hildebrand 1993 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Simon | first=James A. | last2=Robinson | first2=Denise E. | last3=Andrews | first3=Mason C. | last4=Hildebrand | first4=James R. | last5=Rocci | first5=Mario L. | last6=Blake | first6=Richard E. | last7=Hodgen | first7=Gary D. | title=The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone | journal=Fertility and Sterility | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=1993 | doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56031-2 | pages=26–33}}</ref> Since oral progesterone is a oil soluable reports of increased effects when combined with fatty foods do seem plausible.
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==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Hormone]]
*[[GABA]]
*[[Estradiol]]


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone Progesterone(hormone) (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_(medication) Progesterone(medication) (Wikipedia)]
* [https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00396 Progesterone (DrugBank)]
==Literature==
* APA formatted reference


Please see the [[citation formatting guide]] if you need assistance properly formatting citations.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone Progesterone(hormone) (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_(medication) Progesterone(medication) (Wikipedia)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00396 Progesterone (DrugBank)]
*[https://www.drugs.com/progesterone.html Progesterone (Drugs.com)]


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Hormone]]
[[Category:Hormone]]
[[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]]
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Progesterone"