Progesterone: Difference between revisions

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Progesterone can be taken orally, vaginal, rectal and by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

[[File:Progesterone Blister.jpg|thumb|Progesterone Benis 200mg]]

Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the ''Chemisches Institut of Technical University'' in Gdańsk. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.

<ref name="Josimovich 2013 p. ">{{cite book | last=Josimovich | first=J.B. | title=Gynecologic Endocrinology | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |date=11 November 2013 | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 |pages=9, 25–29 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | date=2013-11-09 | isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 | page=}}</ref>

Progesterone on it's own acts as a antagonist on the '''σ₂''' receptor and as a negative allosteric modulator on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However most of the psychoactive effects of progesterone are induced by it's metabolites.<ref name="Gonzalez 2020 p. 1846">{{cite journal | last=Gonzalez | first=Susana Laura | title=Progesterone for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: the many signaling roads for a single molecule | journal=Neural Regeneration Research | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=2020 | issn=1673-5374 | pmid=32246629 | pmc=7513974 | doi=10.4103/1673-5374.280314 | doi-access=free | page=1846}}</ref>

Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>

Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress reducing, antiagressive, sedative, sleep aiding, analgesic, amnesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant & neuroprotective effects.<ref name="Diviccaro Cioffi Falvo Giatti 2022 p. ">{{cite journal | last=Diviccaro | first=Silvia | last2=Cioffi | first2=Lucia | last3=Falvo | first3=Eva | last4=Giatti | first4=Silvia | last5=Melcangi | first5=Roberto Cosimo | title=Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects | journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology | volume=34 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0953-8194 | pmid=34189791 | doi=10.1111/jne.12996 | page=}}</ref><ref name="PubChem p788">{{cite web | title=Brexanolone | website=PubChem | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92786 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA_A whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABA_A as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>

*'''[[Effect::Higher core temperature]]''' - at high concentration progesterone elevates body temperature for ~1°C

*'''[[Effect::Increased romantic desire]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Increased breast sensitivity]]'''

Tolerance to the offects of Prog metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.

*'''[[Depressants]]''' Taking oral progesterone together with [[alcohol]] or [[barbiturates]] will increase absorption rates and peak potentially leading to black out intervals or loss of motor control, anesthetic levels in humans are not documented, but might be reachable.

*'''[[Acetylcholine]]'''

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