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GHB: Difference between revisions
>TheSchizo m i added a safe concentration to the ghb and non alcoholic drink due to its corrosive nature |
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GHB as the sodium salt, known by the trade name Xyrem,<ref>http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=JAZZ.O</ref> is a prescription sleep-aid which is used to treat various medical conditions such as cataplexy<ref>{{Citation | title=Sodium Oxybate: MedlinePlus Drug Information | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605032.html}}</ref> and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Kluger, R.)), ((Mamelak, M.)) | title=Pharmaceutical composition and treatment of narcolepsy | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4738985A/en}}</ref> It has also been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, and alcoholism,<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Gessa, G. L.)), ((Fadda, F.)), ((Campochiaro, C. M. di)) | title=Use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid salts for preparing pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of alcoholism, and the compositions obtained | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4983632A/en}}</ref> and to improve athletic performance. | GHB as the sodium salt, known by the trade name Xyrem,<ref>http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=JAZZ.O</ref> is a prescription sleep-aid which is used to treat various medical conditions such as cataplexy<ref>{{Citation | title=Sodium Oxybate: MedlinePlus Drug Information | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605032.html}}</ref> and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Kluger, R.)), ((Mamelak, M.)) | title=Pharmaceutical composition and treatment of narcolepsy | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4738985A/en}}</ref> It has also been used in a medical setting as a general anesthetic to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, and alcoholism,<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Gessa, G. L.)), ((Fadda, F.)), ((Campochiaro, C. M. di)) | title=Use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid salts for preparing pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of alcoholism, and the compositions obtained | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4983632A/en}}</ref> and to improve athletic performance. | ||
GHB is used as a recreational substance for its alcohol-like effects. While a common recreational dose is between 1.5 - 2.5 grams, a dose between 2.5 grams and 5 grams will likely result in falling asleep within 5 - 15 minutes, and a dose of 5 - 10 grams can result in convulsions, unconsciousness (a coma-like state) and vomiting. Doses above 10 grams are associated with a risk of death.<ref name="ErowidGHBVault">{{Citation | title=Erowid GHB Vault : Dosage | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb_dose.shtml}}</ref> Do not confuse grams with milliliters. If consuming GHB that has already been premixed into a liquid form, additional caution is required as there is no way to know for sure the concentration of the solution (e.g. how many grams of GHB is in each mL of solution). As such, users are advised to start with a low dose and work their way up slowly by increasing the dose in small increments. However, an appropriate interval between dosing is essential to avoid accidental overdose. | GHB is used as a recreational substance for its alcohol-like effects. While a common recreational dose is between 1.5 - 2.5 grams, a dose between 2.5 grams and 5 grams will likely result in falling asleep within 5 - 15 minutes, and a dose of 5 - 10 grams can result in convulsions, unconsciousness (a coma-like state) and vomiting. Doses above 10 grams are associated with a risk of death.<ref name="ErowidGHBVault">{{Citation | title=Erowid GHB Vault : Dosage | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb_dose.shtml}}</ref> Do not confuse grams with milliliters (the density of GHB is aproximately 1.2g/ml <ref>https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9984.html</ref>). If consuming GHB that has already been premixed into a liquid form, additional caution is required as there is no way to know for sure the concentration of the solution (e.g. how many grams of GHB is in each mL of solution). As such, users are advised to start with a low dose and work their way up slowly by increasing the dose in small increments. However, an appropriate interval between dosing is essential to avoid accidental overdose. | ||
GHB, along with [[GBL]], has acquired a reputation as a "date rape drug," in which it is purportedly secretly placed into alcoholic drinks.{{citation needed}} There is very limited evidence to suggest that this actually happens but care should always be taken when accepting drinks from strangers. | GHB, along with [[GBL]], has acquired a reputation as a "date rape drug," in which it is purportedly secretly placed into alcoholic drinks.{{citation needed}} There is very limited evidence to suggest that this actually happens but care should always be taken when accepting drinks from strangers. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' & '''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' - At very low dosages, GHB can make one tired, while common doses are primarly wakefullness-promoting. High doses can lead to feelings of being extremely sleepy. | *'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' & '''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' - At very low dosages, GHB can make one tired, while common doses are primarly wakefullness-promoting. High doses can lead to feelings of being extremely sleepy. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - GHB produces intense states of euphoria comparable to that of [[cocaine]], [[MDMA]], and [[opiates]]. For this reason, it is sometimes called "liquid ecstasy". It is commonly described as a more euphoric and disinhibiting version of alcohol. While this may be accurate, it is also far easier to overdose on. | *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - GHB produces intense states of euphoria comparable to that of [[cocaine]], [[MDMA]], and [[opiates]]. For this reason, it is sometimes called "liquid ecstasy". It is commonly described as a more euphoric and disinhibiting version of alcohol. While this may be accurate, it is also far easier to overdose on. | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 [[DrugScience]] study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. GHB was found to be the ninth overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]] | |||
[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of GHB<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nutt, D.)), ((King, L. A.)), ((Saulsbury, W.)), ((Blakemore, C.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 | date=24 March 2007 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]] | [[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of GHB<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nutt, D.)), ((King, L. A.)), ((Saulsbury, W.)), ((Blakemore, C.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 | date=24 March 2007 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]] | ||
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Accidental ingestions of GHB have also occurred due to inadequate storage methods. If GHB is put into a clear liquid, glass, or bottle, it can be easily mistaken for water. It is recommended to clearly label your GHB in writing and dye the liquid with blue food coloring so it no longer resembles a drinkable beverage. It is also recommended to store your GHB in a container that no one would drink out of. | Accidental ingestions of GHB have also occurred due to inadequate storage methods. If GHB is put into a clear liquid, glass, or bottle, it can be easily mistaken for water. It is recommended to clearly label your GHB in writing and dye the liquid with blue food coloring so it no longer resembles a drinkable beverage. It is also recommended to store your GHB in a container that no one would drink out of. | ||
GHB is also corrosive it is recommend it to dilute it with a non-alcoholic liquid in the ratio of atleast 1:100ml if not done this can result in burns in the intestine as well as the mouth. | GHB is also corrosive it is recommend it to dilute it with a non-alcoholic liquid in the ratio of atleast 1:100ml if not done this can result in burns in the intestine as well as the mouth.[https://sidekicks.berlin/en/ghb-gbl/#beratung] | ||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
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*'''New Zealand:''' GHB, 1,4-B and GBL are all Class B illegal drugs, along with any possible esters, ethers and aldehydes.{{citation needed}} | *'''New Zealand:''' GHB, 1,4-B and GBL are all Class B illegal drugs, along with any possible esters, ethers and aldehydes.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Norway:''' GHB is considered a narcotic and is only available by prescription under the trade name Xyrem.{{citation needed}} | *'''Norway:''' GHB is considered a narcotic and is only available by prescription under the trade name Xyrem.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Romania''': GHB is considered a Schedule I illegal drug.<ref>https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/23629</ref> | |||
*'''Switzerland:''' GHB is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland:''' GHB is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' GHB was made a Class C drug in June 2003.{{citation needed}} | *'''United Kingdom:''' GHB was made a Class C drug in June 2003.{{citation needed}} | ||
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*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb.shtml GHB (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/ghb/ghb.shtml GHB (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=12265 GHB (Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=12265 GHB (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/GHB GHB (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:Neurotransmitter]] | [[Category:Neurotransmitter]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Gamma-Hydroxy acid]] | ||
[[Category:Depressant]] | [[Category:Depressant]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||