This is an unofficial archive of PsychonautWiki as of 2025-08-11T15:14:44Z. Content on this page may be outdated, incomplete, or inaccurate. Please refer to the original page for the most up-to-date information.
Depression: Difference between revisions
>Graham m →Immune System: Grammatics |
>ScumOfTheEarth2828 No edit summary |
||
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<onlyinclude> | <onlyinclude> | ||
'''Depression''' medically encompasses a variety of different mood disorders whose common features are a sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by bodily and cognitive changes that significantly affect an individual's ability to function.<ref name="DSM5DepressiveDisorders">{{cite journal|title=Depressive Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm04}}</ref><ref name="ICD-11-Depressive-Disorders">{{cite journal|title=Depressive Disorders|journal=International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.)|year=2022|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1563440232 | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> These different mood disorders have different durations, timing, or presumed origin. Differentiating normal sadness/grief from a depressive episode requires a careful and meticulous examination. For example | '''Depression''' medically encompasses a variety of different mood disorders whose common features are a sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by bodily and cognitive changes that significantly affect an individual's ability to function.<ref name="DSM5DepressiveDisorders">{{cite journal|title=Depressive Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm04}}</ref><ref name="ICD-11-Depressive-Disorders">{{cite journal|title=Depressive Disorders|journal=International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.)|year=2022|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1563440232 | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> These different mood disorders have different durations, timing, or presumed origin. Differentiating normal sadness/grief from a depressive episode requires a careful and meticulous examination. For example, the death of a loved one may cause great suffering, but it does not typically produce a ''medically defined'' depressive episode.<ref name="DSM5DepressiveDisorders" /> | ||
Within the context of psychoactive substance usage, depressivity is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]], [[irritability]] and [[cognitive dysphoria|dysphoria]]. It is most commonly induced through prolonged chronic stimulant or depressant use, during the withdrawal symptoms of almost any substance, or during the comedown/crash of a stimulant. It is associated specifically with higher [[alcohol]] consumption.<ref name="ConnerPinquart2009">{{cite journal|last1=Conner|first1=Kenneth R.|last2=Pinquart|first2=Martin|last3=Gamble|first3=Stephanie A.|title=Meta-analysis of depression and substance use among individuals with alcohol use disorders|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment|volume=37|issue=2|year=2009|pages=127–137|issn=07405472|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2008.11.007}}</ref> However, it is worth noting that substance-induced depressivity is often much shorter lasting than clinical depression, usually subsiding once the effects or withdrawal symptoms of a drug have ended. | Within the context of psychoactive substance usage, depressivity is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]], [[irritability]] and [[cognitive dysphoria|dysphoria]]. It is most commonly induced through prolonged chronic stimulant or depressant use, during the withdrawal symptoms of almost any substance, or during the comedown/crash of a stimulant. It is associated specifically with higher [[alcohol]] consumption.<ref name="ConnerPinquart2009">{{cite journal|last1=Conner|first1=Kenneth R.|last2=Pinquart|first2=Martin|last3=Gamble|first3=Stephanie A.|title=Meta-analysis of depression and substance use among individuals with alcohol use disorders|journal=Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment|volume=37|issue=2|year=2009|pages=127–137|issn=07405472|doi=10.1016/j.jsat.2008.11.007}}</ref> However, it is worth noting that substance-induced depressivity is often much shorter lasting than clinical depression, usually subsiding once the effects or withdrawal symptoms of a drug have ended. | ||
If you suspect | If you suspect you are experiencing symptoms of depression, it is highly recommended to seek therapeutic medical attention and/or a support group. Additionally, you may want to read the [[depression reduction]] effect. | ||
Depression as an effect has an unfortunate non-specific definition. There are | Depression as an effect has an unfortunate non-specific definition. There are several other relevant terms which should be taken into account when trying to understand this state of mind. These are listed and described. | ||
</onlyinclude> | </onlyinclude> | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
==Known Depressive Conditions== | ==Known Depressive Conditions== | ||
===Depressivity=== | ===Depressivity=== | ||
| Line 42: | Line 43: | ||
|Unless otherwise noted, the studies referenced here will refer to Depression as it is traditionally defined in medical and scientific literature AKA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). | |Unless otherwise noted, the studies referenced here will refer to Depression as it is traditionally defined in medical and scientific literature AKA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). | ||
|} | |} | ||
Major depression affects 5-20% of the population at some point in their life.<ref name="DowlatiHerrmann2010" /> It results from the combination of genetics and environments with a heritability of greater than 30%. Common environmental influences (parenting style, socioeconomic status, or local environmental qualities) are quite small; however this does not mean these influences are irrelevant. What seems to matter is how a specific individual interacts with their environment across developmental stages.<ref name="SullivanNeale2000">{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Patrick F.|last2=Neale|first2=Michael C.|last3=Kendler|first3=Kenneth S.|title=Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=157|issue=10|year=2000|pages=1552–1562|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552}}</ref> Stressful life events are significantly associated with depression.<ref name="RischHerrell2009">{{cite journal|last1=Risch|first1=Neil|last2=Herrell|first2=Richard|last3=Lehner|first3=Thomas|last4=Liang|first4=Kung-Yee|last5=Eaves|first5=Lindon|last6=Hoh|first6=Josephine|last7=Griem|first7=Andrea|last8=Kovacs|first8=Maria|last9=Ott|first9=Jurg|last10=Merikangas|first10=Kathleen Ries|title=Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression|journal=JAMA|volume=301|issue=23|year=2009|pages=2462|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.878}}</ref> | Major depression affects 5-20% of the population at some point in their life.<ref name="DowlatiHerrmann2010" /> It results from the combination of genetics and environments with a heritability of greater than 30%. Common environmental influences (parenting style, socioeconomic status, or local environmental qualities) are quite small; however, this does not mean these influences are irrelevant. What seems to matter is how a specific individual interacts with their environment across developmental stages.<ref name="SullivanNeale2000">{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=Patrick F.|last2=Neale|first2=Michael C.|last3=Kendler|first3=Kenneth S.|title=Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=157|issue=10|year=2000|pages=1552–1562|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552}}</ref> Stressful life events are significantly associated with depression.<ref name="RischHerrell2009">{{cite journal|last1=Risch|first1=Neil|last2=Herrell|first2=Richard|last3=Lehner|first3=Thomas|last4=Liang|first4=Kung-Yee|last5=Eaves|first5=Lindon|last6=Hoh|first6=Josephine|last7=Griem|first7=Andrea|last8=Kovacs|first8=Maria|last9=Ott|first9=Jurg|last10=Merikangas|first10=Kathleen Ries|title=Interaction Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR), Stressful Life Events, and Risk of Depression|journal=JAMA|volume=301|issue=23|year=2009|pages=2462|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.878}}</ref> | ||
Depression is a life-threatening disorder. Both depression and subclinical depression increase all-cause mortality similarly;<ref name="HowrenLamkin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Howren|first1=M Bryant|last2=Lamkin|first2=Donald M.|last3=Suls|first3=Jerry|title=Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=71|issue=2|year=2009|pages=171–186|issn=0033-3174|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b}}</ref><ref name="CuijpersSmit2002">{{cite journal|last1=Cuijpers|first1=Pim|last2=Smit|first2=Filip|title=Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=72|issue=3|year=2002|pages=227–236|issn=01650327|doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00413-X}}</ref> however subclinical depression does not have an exact definition yet (making it harder to study). The impact depression has on quality of life is comparable or greater than other chronic medical illnesses.<ref name="DowlatiHerrmann2010" /> | Depression is a life-threatening disorder. Both depression and subclinical depression increase all-cause mortality similarly;<ref name="HowrenLamkin2009">{{cite journal|last1=Howren|first1=M Bryant|last2=Lamkin|first2=Donald M.|last3=Suls|first3=Jerry|title=Associations of Depression With C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=71|issue=2|year=2009|pages=171–186|issn=0033-3174|doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b}}</ref><ref name="CuijpersSmit2002">{{cite journal|last1=Cuijpers|first1=Pim|last2=Smit|first2=Filip|title=Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|volume=72|issue=3|year=2002|pages=227–236|issn=01650327|doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00413-X}}</ref> however subclinical depression does not have an exact definition yet (making it harder to study). The impact depression has on quality of life is comparable or greater than other chronic medical illnesses.<ref name="DowlatiHerrmann2010" /> | ||