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Nootropic: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Nootropic_Survey_2016_Factor_Analysis.png|thumbnail|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis Factor analysis] of nootropic rating from the [http://slatestarcodex.com/2016/03/01/2016-nootropics-survey-results/ 2016 survey]]] | [[File:Nootropic_Survey_2016_Factor_Analysis.png|thumbnail|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_analysis Factor analysis] of nootropic rating from the [http://slatestarcodex.com/2016/03/01/2016-nootropics-survey-results/ 2016 survey]]] | ||
'''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''neuro enhancers''', and '''cognitive enhancers''') are substances that purportedly improve cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, attention, and concentration, in healthy individuals.<ref>Frati P, Kyriakou C, | '''Nootropics''' (also referred to as '''smart drugs''', '''neuro enhancers''', and '''cognitive enhancers''') are substances that purportedly improve cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, attention, and concentration, in healthy individuals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frati, P.)), ((Kyriakou, C.)), ((Rio, A. D.)), ((Marinelli, E.)), ((Vergallo, G. M.)), ((Zaami, S.)), ((Busardo, F. P.)) | journal=Current Neuropharmacology | title=Smart Drugs and Synthetic Androgens for Cognitive and Physical Enhancement: Revolving Doors of Cosmetic Neurology | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=5–11 | url=https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/63921}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lanni, C.)), ((Lenzken, S. C.)), ((Pascale, A.)), ((Del Vecchio, I.)), ((Racchi, M.)), ((Pistoia, F.)), ((Govoni, S.)) | journal=Pharmacological Research | title=Cognition enhancers between treating and doping the mind | volume=57 | issue=3 | pages=196–213 | date=1 March 2008 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661808000273 | issn=1043-6618 | doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2008.02.004}}</ref> Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (i.e. neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.{{citation needed}} | ||
The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor: | The word ''nootropic'' was coined in 1972 by a Romanian psychologist and chemist, Corneliu E. Giurgea,<ref name="isbn0-06-088473-8">{{Cite book|author=Gazzaniga, Michael S. |title=The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas (P.S.) |publisher=Harper Perennial |location=New York, N.Y |year=2006 |page=184 |isbn=0-06-088473-8 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4541214">{{Cite journal|author=Giurgea C |title=[Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain. Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology] ("Vers une pharmacologie de l'active integrative du cerveau: Tentative du concept nootrope en psychopharmacologie") |language=French |journal=Actual Pharmacol (Paris) |volume=25 |issue= |pages=115–56 |year=1972 |pmid=4541214 |doi= |url=}}</ref> from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words νοῦς (''nous''), or "mind", and τρέπειν (''trepein''), meaning to bend or turn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nootropic|title=nootropic {{!}} Definition of nootropic in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref> Dr. Giurgea proposed the following criteria for determining whether or not a substance fits the "nootropic" descriptor: | ||
* Enhancement of learning and memory function | |||
* Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac) | *Enhancement of learning and memory function | ||
* Must be neuroprotective | *Improvement of learned behaviors when conditions are set to disrupt them (e.g. administering an amnesiac) | ||
* Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects | *Must be neuroprotective | ||
*Must be extremely low in toxicity, with few to no side effects | |||
However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria. | However, the term has come to acquire a popular meaning that does not require all of these criteria. | ||
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*'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Memory enhancement|Memory enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' | *'''[[Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' | *'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Wakefulness]]''' | *'''[[Wakefulness]]''' | ||
==Examples== | ==Examples== | ||
===[[Racetams]]=== | ===[[Racetams]]=== | ||
* [[Aniracetam]] | |||
* [[Coluracetam]] | *[[Aniracetam]] | ||
* [[Fasoracetam]] | *[[Coluracetam]] | ||
* [[Nefiracetam]] | *[[Fasoracetam]] | ||
* [[Oxiracetam]] | *[[Nefiracetam]] | ||
* [[Phenylpiracetam]] | *[[Oxiracetam]] | ||
* [[Piracetam]] | *[[Phenylpiracetam]] | ||
* [[Pramiracetam]] | *[[Piracetam]] | ||
*[[Pramiracetam]] | |||
===Afinils=== | ===Afinils=== | ||
* [[Adrafinil]] | |||
* [[Armodafinil]] | *[[Adrafinil]] | ||
* [[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]] | *[[Armodafinil]] | ||
* [[Modafinil]] | *[[N-Methylbisfluoromodafinil]] | ||
*[[Modafinil]] | |||
===Nutrients=== | ===Nutrients=== | ||
* [[Alpha-GPC]] | |||
* [[Choline bitartrate]] | *[[Alpha-GPC]] | ||
* [[Citicoline]] | *[[Choline bitartrate]] | ||
* [[Creatine]] | *[[Citicoline]] | ||
* [[SAM-e]] | *[[Creatine]] | ||
* [[Tyrosine]] | *[[SAM-e]] | ||
*[[Tyrosine]] | |||
===Ampakines=== | |||
*[[IDRA-21]] | |||
===Others=== | ===Others=== | ||
* [[5-HTP]] | |||
* [[Bromantane]] | *[[5-HTP]] | ||
* [[Caffeine]] | *[[Arecoline]] | ||
* [[Cotinine]] | *[[Ashwagandha]] | ||
* [[Theanine|L-Theanine]] | *[[Bromantane]] | ||
* [[Memantine]] | *[[Caffeine]] | ||
* [[N-Acetylcysteine]] | *[[Cotinine]] | ||
* [[Nicotine]] | *[[Galantamine]] | ||
* [[Noopept]] | *[[Huperzine A]] | ||
* [[Prolintane]] | *[[Theanine|L-Theanine]] | ||
* [[Theacrine]] | *[[Memantine]] | ||
* [[Tianeptine]] | *[[N-Acetylcysteine]] | ||
*[[Nicotine]] | |||
*[[Noopept]] | |||
*[[Prolintane]] | |||
*[[Theacrine]] | |||
*[[Tianeptine]] | |||
*[[Alpha-GPC]] | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Psychoactive substance index]] | *[[Psychoactive substance index]] | ||
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*[[Depressants]] | *[[Depressants]] | ||
*[[Hallucinogens]] | *[[Hallucinogens]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic Nootropic (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/ Nootropics / Smart Drugs (Erowid)] | ||
*[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)] | *[https://examine.com/supplements/nootropic/ Nootropic (Examine.com)] | ||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
*[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)] | *[https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/ /r/Nootropics (Reddit)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Nootropic|*]] | [[Category:Nootropic|*]] | ||
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