1B-LSD: Difference between revisions

{{SubstanceBox/1B-LSD}}  

 

1B-LSD is closely related to [[LSD]] and [[1P-LSD]] and is reported to produce near-identical effects.  

Little is known about the pharmacology of 1B-LSD, but it likely produces its psychedelic effects by acting on [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] in the brain.  

The original synthesis date of 1B-LSD is unknown. Unlike most [[research chemicals]], 1B-LSD has no prior record in the scientific literature. The first reports of 1B-LSD use surfaced in 2018 following its appearance on the online [[research chemical]] market.  

User reports indicate that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are extremely similar to those of 1P-LSD. 1B-LSD is theorized to act as a [[prodrug]] for LSD.<ref name="1Panalysis">Brandt, S. D., Kavanagh, P. V., Westphal, F., Stratford, A., Elliott, S. P., Hoang, K., ... & Halberstadt, A. L. (2016). Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD). Drug Testing and Analysis, 8(9), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1884</ref>  

The similarities in chemical structure between 1B-LSD and [[LSD]] predicts a near-identical effect profile, likely differing mainly in its rate of absorption and duration. Characteristics effects include [[geometry|geometric visual hallucinations]], [[time distortion]], [[introspection|enhanced introspection]], and [[ego loss]]. Its classical psychedelic effects and favorable tolerability has led it to become popular among novel psychoactive substance users who use it interchangeably with LSD.

1B-LSD first appeared on the online research chemical market in September 2018.<ref>1B-LSD (Google Trends) | https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=1p-lsd</ref>  

It is unknown who first synthesized 1B-LSD, as the substance does not appear in any academic literature pre-dating its arrival on the research chemical market.<ref>Brandt, S. D. (2015, October 12). Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD). https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1884</ref>  

{{quote3|text=...a reduction in hallucinogenic activity may become acceptable to the U.S. clandestine chemist when he notes that lysergic acid amide is listed as a Schedule III substance in the CFR; therefore, structurally similar substances of this compound are exempted from the CsA amendment. A lucid argument can then be made that lysergic acid N,N-dimethylamide is derived from lysergic acid amide rather than LSD. Carrying this theme to the next logical step one would then assume that the 1-alkyl and 1-acyl derivatives of the N,N-dimethyl isomer would also not be controlled by the CsA amendment. |author=Donald A. Cooper|source=Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse, 1988<ref>Cooper, D. A. (1988, March). Future synthetic drugs of abuse. In Proceedings of the international symposium on the forensic aspects of controlled substances: March (Vol. 28, p. 79). https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/future_synthetic/future_synthetic.shtml</ref>}}

The [[psychedelic]] effects are thought to primarily come from its efficacy at the 5-HT_2A receptors distributed throughout the brain. 1B-LSD also likely displays binding activity at a wide range of [[monoamine]] receptors, such as those for [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]]. However, there is currently no data to support these claims.

It has been theorized that [[1B-LSD]] (as well as the acyl homologs [[1P-LSD]] and [[ALD-52]]) is deacylated in the body to LSD by elimination of butyric acid, as shown by studies with human blood serum.<ref name="DOI10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9">Lea Wagmann, Lilian H. J. Richter u.&nbsp;a.: ''In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures.'' In: ''[[Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry]].'' 2019, {{DOI|10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9}}.</ref>

Anecdotal reports from many users suggest that the subjective effects of 1B-LSD are so similar to that of [[LSD]] so as to be virtually indistinguishable from one another. In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[psilocybin]], [[LSA]] and [[ayahuasca]], 1B-LSD is significantly more stimulating and fast-paced regarding the specific style of its physical and cognitive effects.  

**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]''' - This can manifest prominently during a 1B-LSD experience, particularly during the [[Duration#Come up|come up]] phase, often resulting in bouts of uncontrollable giggles and laughter that can form a feedback loop if around others who are also under the influence.

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - 1B-LSD enhances the cognitive, visual and general hallucinatory effects of dissociatives. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] and [[internal hallucinations]] become more vivid and intense on 1B-LSD. These effects correspond with an increased risk of [[confusion]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]].  

*'''[[MDMA]]''' - 1B-LSD and MDMA are highly synergistic and mutually enhance each other's physical, cognitive, and visual effects. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for each individually. There is some evidence that suggests LSD increases the neurotoxicity of MDMA, which may be relevant to 1B-LSD as well.<ref>Armstrong, B. D., Paik, E., Chhith, S., Lelievre, V., Waschek, J. A., & Howard, S. G. (2004). Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptor partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939. Neuroscience Research Communications, 35(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/nrc.20023</ref><ref>Potentiation of MDMA-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists | https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/potentiation-of-34-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced-dopamine</ref><ref>Ecstasy induces apoptosis via 5-HT(2A)-receptor stimulation in cortical neurons. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572501</ref>

* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_1BLSD.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 1B-LSD]

Although no formal studies have been conducted, it is assumed that like LSD itself, 1B-LSD is [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]]. There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSD — an animal model predictive of abuse liability — indicating that it does not have the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.<ref name="hallucinogens">Nichols, D. E. (2004). Hallucinogens. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 101(2), 131-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002</ref> Likewise, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when chronic use of LSD is stopped.{{citation needed}} It is assumed that 1B-LSD shares these properties with LSD.

Tolerance to the effects of 1B-LSD are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::5-7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::14 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 1B-LSD produces cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the use of 1B-LSD they will have a reduced effect.

*'''International:''' 1B-LSD is not scheduled under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is considered to exist in a legal grey area in many countries, meaning that while it is not specifically illegal, individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.  

*'''Austria:''' 1B-LSD is technically not illegal but it may fall in the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich) as an analogue of LSD, thus making it illegal to supply for human consumption.<ref>Synthetic drugs: new law to combat "legal highs" | https://derstandard.at/1317018702282/Kraeutermischungen-Synthetische-Drogen-Neues-Gesetz-soll-Legal-Highs-bekaempfen</ref><ref>New Psychoactive Substances Act (NPSG) | https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/ME/ME_00317/imfname_231611.pdf</ref>

*'''Germany:''' 1B-LSD is not controlled in Germany. There is a draft by the Federal Ministry of Health, adding it to the NpSG, that will enter into force when the regulation is promulgated.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/tris/en/index.cfm/search/?trisaction=search.detail&year=2019&num=152&dLang=DE</ref>

*'''Latvia:''' 1B-LSD is illegal in Latvia. Although it is not officially scheduled, it is controlled as an LSD structural analog due to an amendment made on June 1st, 2015.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2.4.punkts) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>

*'''Sweden:''' Following its sale as a [[designer drug]], 1B-LSD was made illegal in Sweden on 26 January 2016.<ref>(in Swedish) Folkhälsomyndigheten. | https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2016/januari/31-nya-substanser-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/</ref>

*'''Switzerland:''' Legal status is uncertain and there is a significant chance it will be explicitly declared illegal on May 1st, 2019 by ''Ordinance of the DFI on the lists of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, precursors and chemical adjuvants''.<ref><nowiki>https://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html</nowiki></ref>

*'''United Kingdom:''' 1B-LSD is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>

*'''United States:''' Since 1B-LSD can be considered a prodrug for LSD, its possession and sale may be prosecutable in the United States under the Federal Analogue Act.

<!--*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1B-LSD 1B-LSD (Wikipedia)]-->

* Brandt, S. D., Kavanagh, P. V., Westphal, F., Stratford, A., Elliott, S. P., Hoang, K., ... & Halberstadt, A. L. (2016). Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD). Drug Testing and Analysis, 8(9), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1884

* Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O., Emrich, H. M., & Hintzen, A. (2008). The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review, 14, 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x

* Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., … Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113