Abnormal heartbeat: Difference between revisions

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'''Abnormal heartbeat''' (also called an '''arrhythmia''' or '''dysrhythmia''') is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.<ref>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute~~. (2019). Arrhythmia.~~ https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-~~topics/arrhythmia~~</ref> A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called ''tachycardia'' and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called ''bradycardia''. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.

'''Abnormal heartbeat''' (also called an '''arrhythmia''' or '''dysrhythmia''') is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia? | publisher=National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute | url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/arrhythmias | access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called ''tachycardia'' and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called ''bradycardia''. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.

An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[depressant]] compounds, such as [[cocaine]],<ref>O’Leary, ~~Michael~~ E, ~~and Jules~~ C ~~Hancox~~. ~~“Role~~ of ~~Voltage~~-~~Gated Sodium~~, ~~Potassium~~ and ~~Calcium Channels~~ in the ~~Development~~ of ~~Cocaine~~-~~Associated Cardiac Arrhythmias~~.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 69.5 (2010): ~~427–442~~. ~~PMC~~. ~~Web~~. 27 June ~~2017~~.</ref> [[~~methamphetamine~~]], and [[~~GABAergic~~]]s. While [[stimulant|stimulants]] tend to increase a person's heart rate, [[depressants]] tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.

An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[depressant]] compounds, such as [[cocaine]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wood, D. M.)), ((Dargan, P. I.)), ((Hoffman, R. S.)) | journal=Clinical Toxicology | title=Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=14–23 | date= January 2009 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650802339373 | issn=1556-3650 | doi=10.1080/15563650802339373}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((O’Leary, M. E.)), ((Hancox, J. C.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias: Voltage-gated ion channels and cocaine-induced arrhythmia | volume=69 | issue=5 | pages=427–442 | date=28 January 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wood, D. M.)), ((Dargan, P. I.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Putting cocaine use and cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias into epidemiological and clinical perspective: Cocaine epidemiology and cardiovascular toxicity | volume=69 | issue=5 | pages=443–447 | date=28 January 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gradman, A. H.)) | journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine | title=Cardiac effects of cocaine: a review | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=137–147 | date= April 1988 | issn=0044-0086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lange, R. A.)), ((Hillis, L. D.)) | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | title=Cardiovascular Complications of Cocaine Use | volume=345 | issue=5 | pages=351–358 | date=2 August 2001 | url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM200108023450507 | issn=0028-4793 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200108023450507}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tazelaar, H. D.)), ((Karch, S. B.)), ((Stephens, B. G.)), ((Billingham, M. E.)) | journal=Human Pathology | title=Cocaine and the heart | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=195–199 | date= February 1987 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0046817787803386 | issn=00468177 | doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80338-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Maraj, S.)), ((Figueredo, V. M.)), ((Lynn Morris, D.)) | journal=Clinical Cardiology | title=Cocaine and the Heart | volume=33 | issue=5 | pages=264–269 | date= May 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.20746 | issn=01609289 | doi=10.1002/clc.20746}}</ref> [[amphetamines]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shyu, K.)), ((Wang, B.)), ((Yang, Y.)), ((Tsai, S.)), ((Lin, S.)), ((Lee, C.)) | journal=Cardiovascular Research | title=Amphetamine activates connexin43 gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through JNK and AP-1 pathway | volume=63 | issue=1 | pages=98–108 | date=1 July 2004 | url=https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018 | issn=00086363 | doi=10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bazmi, E.)), ((Mousavi, F.)), ((Giahchin, L.)), ((Mokhtari, T.)), ((Behnoush, B.)) | journal=Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal | title=Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=e31-37 | date=30 March 2017 | url=https://journals.squ.edu.om/index.php/squmj/article/viewFile/1813/1763 | issn=2075051X | doi=10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jacobs, W.)) | journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology | title=Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications: | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=156–160 | date= June 2006 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00000433-200606000-00012 | issn=0195-7910 | doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000188082.68009.10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Won, S.)), ((Hong, R. A.)), ((Shohet, R. V.)), ((Seto, T. B.)), ((Parikh, N. I.)) | journal=Clinical Cardiology | title=Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy | volume=36 | issue=12 | pages=737–742 | date= December 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.22195 | issn=01609289 | doi=10.1002/clc.22195}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frishman, W. H.)), ((Del Vecchio, A.)), ((Sanal, S.)), ((Ismail, A.)) | journal=Heart Disease | title=Cardiovascular Manifestations of Substance Abuse: Part 2: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Heroin, Cannabis, and Caffeine | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=253–271 | date= July 2003 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00132580-200307000-00003 | issn=1521-737X | doi=10.1097/01.hdx.0000080713.09303.a6}}</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref name=":0" /> and [[opioids]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Behzadi, M.)), ((Joukar, S.)), ((Beik, A.)) | journal=Medical Principles and Practice | title=Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review | volume=27 | issue=5 | pages=401–414 | date= 2018 | url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/492616 | issn=1011-7571 | doi=10.1159/000492616}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Doshi, R.)), ((Shah, J.)), ((Desai, R.)), ((Gullapalli, N.)) | journal=International Journal of Cardiology | title=Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose | volume=286 | pages=73–75 | date= July 2019 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016752731837284X | issn=01675273 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.047}}</ref> While [[stimulant|stimulants]] tend to increase a person's heart rate, [[depressants]] tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.

</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

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{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}

===See also===

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Subjective effects index]]

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*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]

*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]

===External links===

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia Heart arrhythmia (Wikipedia)]

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia Heart arrhythmia (Wikipedia)]

===References===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <onlyinclude>
-'''Abnormal heartbeat''' (also called an '''arrhythmia''' or '''dysrhythmia''') is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.<ref>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (2019). Arrhythmia. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/arrhythmia</ref> A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called ''tachycardia'' and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called ''bradycardia''. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.
+'''Abnormal heartbeat''' (also called an '''arrhythmia''' or '''dysrhythmia''') is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia? | publisher=National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute | url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/arrhythmias | access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called ''tachycardia'' and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called ''bradycardia''. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.
-An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[depressant]] compounds, such as [[cocaine]],<ref>O’Leary, Michael E, and Jules C Hancox. “Role of Voltage-Gated Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Channels in the Development of Cocaine-Associated Cardiac Arrhythmias.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 69.5 (2010): 427–442. PMC. Web. 27 June 2017.</ref> [[methamphetamine]], and [[GABAergic]]s. While [[stimulant|stimulants]] tend to increase a person's heart rate, [[depressants]] tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.
+An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[depressant]] compounds, such as [[cocaine]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wood, D. M.)), ((Dargan, P. I.)), ((Hoffman, R. S.)) | journal=Clinical Toxicology | title=Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=14–23 | date= January 2009 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650802339373 | issn=1556-3650 | doi=10.1080/15563650802339373}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((O’Leary, M. E.)), ((Hancox, J. C.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias: Voltage-gated ion channels and cocaine-induced arrhythmia | volume=69 | issue=5 | pages=427–442 | date=28 January 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wood, D. M.)), ((Dargan, P. I.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Putting cocaine use and cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias into epidemiological and clinical perspective: Cocaine epidemiology and cardiovascular toxicity | volume=69 | issue=5 | pages=443–447 | date=28 January 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gradman, A. H.)) | journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine | title=Cardiac effects of cocaine: a review | volume=61 | issue=2 | pages=137–147 | date= April 1988 | issn=0044-0086}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lange, R. A.)), ((Hillis, L. D.)) | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | title=Cardiovascular Complications of Cocaine Use | volume=345 | issue=5 | pages=351–358 | date=2 August 2001 | url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM200108023450507 | issn=0028-4793 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200108023450507}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tazelaar, H. D.)), ((Karch, S. B.)), ((Stephens, B. G.)), ((Billingham, M. E.)) | journal=Human Pathology | title=Cocaine and the heart | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=195–199 | date= February 1987 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0046817787803386 | issn=00468177 | doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80338-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Maraj, S.)), ((Figueredo, V. M.)), ((Lynn Morris, D.)) | journal=Clinical Cardiology | title=Cocaine and the Heart | volume=33 | issue=5 | pages=264–269 | date= May 2010 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.20746 | issn=01609289 | doi=10.1002/clc.20746}}</ref> [[amphetamines]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shyu, K.)), ((Wang, B.)), ((Yang, Y.)), ((Tsai, S.)), ((Lin, S.)), ((Lee, C.)) | journal=Cardiovascular Research | title=Amphetamine activates connexin43 gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through JNK and AP-1 pathway | volume=63 | issue=1 | pages=98–108 | date=1 July 2004 | url=https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article-lookup/doi/10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018 | issn=00086363 | doi=10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bazmi, E.)), ((Mousavi, F.)), ((Giahchin, L.)), ((Mokhtari, T.)), ((Behnoush, B.)) | journal=Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal | title=Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=e31-37 | date=30 March 2017 | url=https://journals.squ.edu.om/index.php/squmj/article/viewFile/1813/1763 | issn=2075051X | doi=10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jacobs, W.)) | journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology | title=Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications: | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=156–160 | date= June 2006 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00000433-200606000-00012 | issn=0195-7910 | doi=10.1097/01.paf.0000188082.68009.10}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Won, S.)), ((Hong, R. A.)), ((Shohet, R. V.)), ((Seto, T. B.)), ((Parikh, N. I.)) | journal=Clinical Cardiology | title=Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy | volume=36 | issue=12 | pages=737–742 | date= December 2013 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.22195 | issn=01609289 | doi=10.1002/clc.22195}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frishman, W. H.)), ((Del Vecchio, A.)), ((Sanal, S.)), ((Ismail, A.)) | journal=Heart Disease | title=Cardiovascular Manifestations of Substance Abuse: Part 2: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Heroin, Cannabis, and Caffeine | volume=5 | issue=4 | pages=253–271 | date= July 2003 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00132580-200307000-00003 | issn=1521-737X | doi=10.1097/01.hdx.0000080713.09303.a6}}</ref> [[alcohol]],<ref name=":0" /> and [[opioids]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Behzadi, M.)), ((Joukar, S.)), ((Beik, A.)) | journal=Medical Principles and Practice | title=Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review | volume=27 | issue=5 | pages=401–414 | date= 2018 | url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/492616 | issn=1011-7571 | doi=10.1159/000492616}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Doshi, R.)), ((Shah, J.)), ((Desai, R.)), ((Gullapalli, N.)) | journal=International Journal of Cardiology | title=Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose | volume=286 | pages=73–75 | date= July 2019 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016752731837284X | issn=01675273 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.047}}</ref> While [[stimulant|stimulants]] tend to increase a person's heart rate, [[depressants]] tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 {{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
 ===See also===
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Subjective effects index]]
@@ Line 16: / Line 17: @@
 *[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
 ===External links===
-* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia Heart arrhythmia (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia Heart arrhythmia (Wikipedia)]
 ===References===
 {{reflist}}