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Compulsive redosing: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>'''Compulsive redosing''' can be described as the experience of a powerful and difficult to resist urge to continuously redose a [[psychoactive substance]] in an effort to increase or maintain the [[Subjective effects index|subjective effects]] which it induces.<ref>Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nature neuroscience, 8(11), 1481. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1579</ref><ref>Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. (2000). Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral cortex, 10(3), 318-325. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.318</ref><ref>Hyman, S. E., & Malenka, R. C. (2001). Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature reviews neuroscience, 2(10), 695. https://doi.org/10.1038/35094560</ref>
<onlyinclude>
'''Compulsive redosing''' is defined as the experience of a powerful and difficult to resist urge to continuously redose a [[psychoactive substance]] in an effort to increase or maintain the [[Subjective effects index|subjective effects]] which it induces.<ref name="EverittRobbins2005">{{cite journal|last1=Everitt|first1=Barry J|last2=Robbins|first2=Trevor W|title=Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=11|year=2005|pages=1481–1489|issn=1097-6256|doi=10.1038/nn1579}}</ref><ref name="Volkow2000">{{cite journal|last1=Volkow|first1=N. D.|title=Addiction, a Disease of Compulsion and Drive: Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex|journal=Cerebral Cortex|volume=10|issue=3|year=2000|pages=318–325|issn=14602199|doi=10.1093/cercor/10.3.318}}</ref><ref name="HymanMalenka2001">{{cite journal|last1=Hyman|first1=Steven E.|last2=Malenka|first2=Robert C.|title=Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|volume=2|issue=10|year=2001|pages=695–703|issn=1471-003X|doi=10.1038/35094560}}</ref><ref name="SoussanKjellgren2015">{{cite journal|last1=Soussan|first1=Christophe|last2=Kjellgren|first2=Anette|title=“Chasing the High” – Experiences of Ethylphenidate as Described on International Internet Forums|journal=Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment|volume=9|year=2015|pages=SART.S22495|issn=1178-2218|doi=10.4137/SART.S22495}}</ref>


This effect is considerably more likely to manifest itself when the user has a large supply of the given substance within their possession. It can be partially avoided by pre-weighing dosages, not keeping the remaining material within sight, exerting self-control, and giving the compound to a trusted individual to keep until they deem it safe to return.
This effect is considerably more likely to manifest itself when the user has a large supply of the given substance within their possession. It can be partially avoided by pre-weighing dosages, not keeping the remaining material within sight, exerting self-control, and giving the compound to a trusted individual to keep until they deem it safe to return.


Compulsive redosing is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[cognitive euphoria]], [[physical euphoria]], or [[anxiety suppression]] alongside of other effects which inhibit the clarity of one's decision-making processes such as [[disinhibition]], [[motivation enhancement]], and [[ego inflation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds, such as [[opioid|opioids]], [[entactogen|entactogens]], [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>Soussan, C., & Kjellgren, A. (2015). “Chasing the High”–Experiences of Ethylphenidate as Described on International Internet Forums. Substance abuse: research and treatment, 9, SART-S22495. https://doi.org/10.4137/SART.S22495</ref><ref>Stanciu, C. N., Penders, T. M., Gnanasegaram, S. A., Pirapakaran, E., Padda, J. S., & Padda, J. S. (2017). The Behavioral Profile of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (PVP)-A Systematic Review. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473710666170321122226</ref> and [[GABAergic|GABAergics]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of [[dissociative|dissociatives]] and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]].</onlyinclude>
Compulsive redosing is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[cognitive euphoria]], [[physical euphoria]], or [[anxiety suppression]] alongside of other effects which inhibit the clarity of one's decision-making processes such as [[disinhibition]], [[motivation enhancement]], and [[ego inflation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds, such as [[opioid|opioids]], [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref name="Volkow2000" /><ref name="SoussanKjellgren2015" /><ref name="OlivesOrozco2012">{{cite journal|last1=Olives|first1=Travis|last2=Orozco|first2=Benjamin|last3=Stellpflug|first3=Samuel|title=Bath Salts: The Ivory Wave of Trouble|journal=Western Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=13|issue=1|year=2012|pages=58–62|issn=1936900X|doi=10.5811/westjem.2011.6.6782}}</ref> [[GABAergic|GABAergics]],<ref name="Volkow2000" /> and [[Entactogen|entactogens]].<ref name="HymanMalenka2001" /> However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of [[dissociative|dissociatives]] and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]].<ref name="HymanMalenka2001" />
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===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
[[MDPV]] is extremely potent in this effect; it has been shown that some users end up redosing, even if the negative effects outweigh the positives.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Sewalia K, Grabenauer M, Thomas BF, Marusich JA, Wegner S, Olive MF | display-authors = 6 | title = Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–74 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 22784198 | pmc = 3473160 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppola M, Mondola R | title = 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 208 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–5 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22008731 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.002 }}</ref>
Substances which may cause this effect include:
Substances which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Substances]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
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*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]
*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]
===External links===
===External links===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence Psychological dependence (Wikipedia)]
 
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence Psychological dependence (Wikipedia)]
 
===References===
===References===
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Novel]] [[Category:Effect]] [[Category:Psychological dependence]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]  
[[Category:Novel]]  
[[Category:Effect]]  
<references />
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