Substituted tryptamines: Difference between revisions
>PJosepherum mNo edit summary |
>David Hedlund {{#set:Featured=true}} |
||
(25 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[ | {{For|the eponymous compound|Tryptamine (compound)}} | ||
[[File:Substituted_tryptamine.svg|thumb|right|299px|Substitutive structure of a ''tryptamine'' molecule]] | |||
'''Substituted tryptamines''' (or simply '''tryptamines''') are a group of organic compounds that are based upon the [[Tryptamine (compound)|tryptamine]] core structure. The class is composed of all the derivative compounds which can be formed by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in the tryptamine core structure with other substituents. | |||
Natural tryptamines are found in most plants and animals, forming from the decarboxylation of the amino acid tryptophan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tryptamines|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tryptamines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110234704/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tryptamines|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-date=January 11, 2020|publisher=ScienceDirect}}</ref> | |||
[[ | The chemical class encompasses a variety of biologically important compounds such as hormones like [[melatonin]] and the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]] (5-hydroxytryptamine). | ||
Many psychoactive tryptamines have been found to occur in nature, although a large number of synthetic variants have been discovered in recent years. Notably, the [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT) and [[5-MeO-DMT]] have been found to occur in the human body, although their function is unclear.{{citation needed}} | |||
Most of the known substituted tryptamines act as psychedelics (e.g. [[psilocybin]], [[DMT]], [[ibogaine]]), although there are some that have [[entactogenic]] properties (e.g. [[aMT]], [[5-MeO-MiPT]]). [[Lysergamides]] can technically be classified as complex tryptamines<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychedelic_drugs</ref>, like Ibogaine. | |||
In terms of [[subjective effects]], psychedelic tryptamines are generally regarded as producing a significantly stronger and "deeper" psychedelic effect than the other major class of psychedelics, the substituted phenethylamines (e.g. [[mescaline]] or the [[2C-x family]]). Users tend to report greater amounts of [[Ego loss|ego dissolution]], [[time distortion]], [[conceptual thinking]], and [[transpersonal]] effects such as [[unity and interconnectedness]] with substituted tryptamines. The reason for this is unknown. The subcategory of [[hallucinogens]] known as [[entheogens]] predominantly consist of tryptamines such as [[DMT]] (including [[ayahuasca]]), [[5-MeO-DMT]], and [[psilocybin]]. | |||
A systematic investigation of 55 psychoactive tryptamine and lysergamide compounds was published by Ann and [[Alexander Shulgin]] under the title [[TiHKAL]] ("Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved") in 1997. | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
The tryptamine core structure consists of an indole ring with attached amino group via a two-carbon sidechain ([[monoamine]] chain) at R<sub>3</sub>. Ring unsubstituted tryptamines, or so called "base tryptamines", can have various substitutions at the nitrogen (R<sub>N1</sub> and R<sub>N2</sub>) and at R<sub>α</sub>. Ring substituted tryptamines can be further substituted at the R<sub>4</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> positions on the indole ring. | |||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
The | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
The psychedelic effects of tryptamines are believed to come from their efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor as a partial [[agonist]]. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience is the subject of on-going research. | |||
==List of substituted tryptamines== | |||
''This table does not include the following groups of substituted tryptamines:'' | |||
* [[Lysergamides]] | |||
====Ring-unsubstituted tryptamines==== | |||
''Sometimes referred to as "unsubstituted tryptamines" or "base tryptamines"'' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="col" |'''Compound''' | |||
! scope="col" |'''Common name''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>N1</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>N2</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>4</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>5</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>α</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" |'''Structure''' | |||
|- | |||
|[[Tryptamine (compound)|Tryptamine]]||Tryptamine||H||H||H||H||H||[[File:Tryptamine.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|NMT||NMT||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:NMT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[DMT]]||Dimethyltryptamine, ''Dmitri'', ''"The Spirit Molecule"''||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:DMT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[MET]]||Methylethyltryptamine||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:MET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[DET]]||Diethyltryptamine||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:DET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[MPT]]||Methylpropyltryptamine||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:MPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[MiPT]]||Methylisopropyltryptamine||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:MiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[EPT]]||Ethylpropyltryptamine||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:EPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[DiPT]]||Diisopropyltryptamine||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:DiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[DPT]]||Dipropyltryptamine||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:DPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[AMT]]||alpha-methyltryptamine, Indopan||H||H||H||H||CH<sub>3</sub>||[[File:αMT.svg|200px]] | |||
|} | |||
====Ring substituted tryptamines==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="col" |'''Compound''' | |||
! scope="col" |'''Common name''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>N1</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>N2</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>4</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>5</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>6</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>α</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" |'''R<sub>β</sub>''' | |||
! scope="col" |'''Structure''' | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-AcO-DiPT]]||Ipracetin||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-AcO-DiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-AcO-DMT]]||Psilacetin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-AcO-DMT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-AcO-MET]]||Metacetin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-AcO-MET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-AcO-DET]]||Ethacetin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-AcO-DET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-AcO-MiPT]]||Mipracetin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-AcO-MiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-DET]]||Ethocin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-DET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-EPT]]||Eprocin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-EPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-DPT]]||Procin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-DPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-MET]]||Metocin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-MET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-MPT]]||Meprocin||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-MPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-DMT]]||Psilocin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:Psilocin.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-HO-MiPT]]||Miprocin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||OH||H||H||H||H||[[File:4-HO-MiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[4-PO-DMT]]||Psilocybin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||OP(OH)<sub>2</sub>=O||H||H||H||H||[[File:Psilocybin.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Serotonin]]|| ||H||H||H||H||OH||H||H||H||[[File:Serotonin.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-HO-DMT]]||Bufotenin||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||OH||H||H||H||[[File:Bufotenin.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-DMT]]|| ||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-DMT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-DET]]|| ||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-DET.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-DPT]]||Foxtrot||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-DPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-DALT]]||Foxtrot||CH<sub>2</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-DALT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-DiPT]]||Foxy||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-DiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-MeO-MiPT]]||Moxy||CH<sub>3</sub>||CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:5-MeO-MiPT.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Ibogaine]]|| ||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>-)CH<sub>2</sub>-||CH<sub>2</sub>(CH-CH<sub>3</sub>)CH--||-||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:Ibogaine.svg|201px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[5-HTP]]|| ||H||H||H||H||OH||H||CO<sub>2</sub>H||H||[[File:5-HTP.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[Melatonin]]|| ||COCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||[[File:Melatonin.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|TIK-301|| ||COCH<sub>3</sub>||H||H||H||OCH<sub>3</sub>||Cl||H||CH<sub>3</sub>||[[File:TIK-301.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|Pericine|| ||CH<sub>2</sub>C(CHCH<sub>3</sub>)-||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-||C(CH<sub>2</sub>)-||H||H||H||H||H||[[File:Pericine.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|Carbazocine|| ||CH<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>||CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-||-||H||H||H||CH-(CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>-)||H||[[File:Carbazocine.svg|200px]] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Tryptamine]] | |||
*[[Responsible use]] | |||
*[[Lysergamide]] | |||
*[[TiHKAL]] | |||
*[[Entheogen]] | |||
*[[Phenethylamine]] | |||
==External links== | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine Substituted tryptamine (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[ | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naturally_occurring_tryptamines List of naturally occurring tryptamines (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[ | |||
== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Tryptamine| ]] | |||
{{#set:Featured=true}} |