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Promethazine: Difference between revisions
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{{headerpanel|{{Approval}}{{PromethazineOD}}}} | {{headerpanel|{{Approval}}{{PromethazineOD}}}} | ||
{{SummarySheet}} | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{ | {{SubstanceBox/Promethazine}} | ||
'''Promethazine''' (commonly sold as '''Phenergan''' or '''Lergigan''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenothiazine]] class. Alongside codeine, it is popularly known as one of the active two ingredients in "lean". It acts as an [[antihistamine]]. | '''Promethazine''' (commonly sold as '''Phenergan''' or '''Lergigan''') is a [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenothiazine]] class. Alongside codeine, it is popularly known as one of the active two ingredients in "lean". It acts as an [[antihistamine]]. | ||
Promethazine was developed in the mid-1940s by French chemists.<ref>Li, | Promethazine was developed in the mid-1940s by French chemists.<ref name="Li2006">{{cite book | vauthors=((Li, J. J.)) | date= 2006 | title=Laughing gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: the human stories behind the drugs we use | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=9780195300994}}</ref> Today, it is available in many countries under many brand names. | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[muscle relaxation]], [[nausea suppression]], and strong [[sedation]]. It also reduces motion sickness and has anticholinergic properties. | [[Subjective effects]] include [[muscle relaxation]], [[nausea suppression]], and strong [[sedation]]. It also reduces motion sickness and has anticholinergic properties. | ||
Promethazine has been shown to have quality [[hypnotic]] effects and is sometimes used for this purpose.<ref>Adam K | Promethazine has been shown to have quality [[hypnotic]] effects and is sometimes used for this purpose.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Adam, K.)), ((Oswald, I.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=The hypnotic effects of an antihistamine: promethazine. | volume=22 | issue=6 | pages=715–717 | date= December 1986 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02962.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02962.x}}</ref> | ||
It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. | It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. | ||
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==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
{{historyStub}} | {{historyStub}} | ||
Promethazine was developed in the mid-1940s when a team of scientists from Rhône-Poulenc laboratories was able to synthesize it from phenothiazine and a diamine side chain of diphenhydramine.<ref | Promethazine was developed in the mid-1940s when a team of scientists from Rhône-Poulenc laboratories was able to synthesize it from phenothiazine and a diamine side chain of diphenhydramine.<ref name="Li2006" /> It was previously used as an antipsychotic, although it is generally not administered for this purpose now. It has approximately 1/10 of the antipsychotic strength of chlorpromazine. | ||
It became popular among the Houston rap and hip-hop scene in around 1990<ref>( | It became popular among the Houston rap and hip-hop scene in around 1990<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Palmer, T.)) | date= 2005 | title=Country fried soul: adventures in dirty south hip hop | publisher=Backbeat | isbn=9780879308575}}</ref>, and the trend resurfaced in around 2015 to 2016. Often, it was combined with the opiate drug [[codeine]] in a preparation called "lean." Lean usually consists of ice, Sprite or a citrus soda, the promethazine/codeine cough syrup, and occasionally jolly ranchers for enhanced flavor. | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
{{chemistry}} | {{chemistry}} | ||
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Promethazine causes pronounced sedation and a general feeling of slowness, usually with the feeling of not wanting to move, this effect is normally considerably stronger than Diphenhydramine or Doxylamine and it is generally considered to be one of the most sedating antihistamines due to its high anticholinergic, H1 | *'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Promethazine causes pronounced sedation and a general feeling of slowness, usually with the feeling of not wanting to move, this effect is normally considerably stronger than Diphenhydramine or Doxylamine and it is generally considered to be one of the most sedating antihistamines due to its high anticholinergic, H1 antagonist and weak D2 antagonist activity. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]''' | ||
**'''[[Effect::Physical | **'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This can lead to a very pleasant feeling of the entire body relaxing, feeling like warm gel. It is similar to but distinct from an [[opioid]]'s physical euphoria. {{citation needed}} | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' and '''[[Effect::increased blood pressure]]'''<ref>Tsay, M. E., Procopio, G., Anderson, B. D., | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' and '''[[Effect::increased blood pressure]]'''<ref name="Tsay2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tsay, M. E.)), ((Procopio, G.)), ((Anderson, B. D.)), ((Klein-Schwartz, W.)) | journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine | title=Abuse and Intentional Misuse of Promethazine Reported to US Poison Centers: 2002 to 2012 | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=233–237 | date= June 2015 | issn=1935-3227 | doi=10.1097/ADM.0000000000000124}}</ref> - Anticholinergic activity at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors causes these effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' - This effect is exceptionally rare. | *'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' - This effect is exceptionally rare. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' - Feelings of physical exhaustion and tiredness are a common and pronounced effect of promethazine. The substance is therefore used to treat insomnia and abnormal sleep cycles. | *'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' - Feelings of physical exhaustion and tiredness are a common and pronounced effect of promethazine. The substance is therefore used to treat insomnia and abnormal sleep cycles. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Delirium]]''' and '''[[Effect::Confusion|confusion]]'''<ref | *'''[[Effect::Delirium]]''' and '''[[Effect::Confusion|confusion]]'''<ref name="Tsay2015"/> - In low to moderate doses, promethazine presents a harmless sense of being confused or delirious. In high doses and overdose, it can become (but rarely does) so severe that the patient or user experiences excited delirium, a state of severe agitation and confusion. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Experience reports=== | ===Experience reports=== | ||
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include: | |||
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Promethazine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Promethazine] | {{#ask: [[Category:Promethazine]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}} | ||
Additional experience reports can be found here: | |||
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Promethazine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Promethazine] | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
{{ | *'''Germany''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Russia''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}} | *'''Russia''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''United States''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.<ref>FDA. Promethazine Monograph. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2004/07935s030lbl.pdf</ref> | |||
*'''Canada''': Promethazine is available over the counter.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Japan''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Australia''': Promethazine is available over the counter.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''United Kingdom''': Promethazine is available over the counter.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''Italy''': Promethazine is available over the counter, both as a cream and as a syrup in combination with paracetamol and DXM.{{citation needed}} | |||
*'''The Netherlands''': Promethazine is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[[wikipedia:Promethazine|Promethazine (Wikipedia)]] | *[[wikipedia:Promethazine|Promethazine (Wikipedia)]] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/promethazine/ Promethazine (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/promethazine/ Promethazine (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=9438 Promethazine ( | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=9438 Promethazine (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01069 Promethazine (DrugBank)] | |||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]] | [[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | ||
[[Category:Proofread]] | |||
[[Category:Approval]] | |||
[[Category:Deliriant]] | |||