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2-FMA: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/2-FMA}} | {{SubstanceBox/2-FMA}} | ||
'''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' ('''2-FMA''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. | '''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''2-FMA''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It is a structural analog of [[methamphetamine]] and is related to [[2-FA]], [[3-FA]], and [[4-FMA]]. 2-FMA produces its stimulant effects through action at [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors in the brain. | ||
2-FMA | The sale of 2-FMA on the online [[research chemical]] market was first reported in August 2007.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camilleri, A.)), ((Johnston, M. R.)), ((Brennan, M.)), ((Davis, S.)), ((Caldicott, D. G. E.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, α-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone | volume=197 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–66 | date= April 2010 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073809005490 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.048}}</ref>. It appeared alongside other fluorinated amphetamines like [[2-FA]] and [[4-FA]]. It appears to be unknown in the clinical and research literature. | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is commonly taken either orally or via insufflation and is reported to be highly unpleasant and dangerous to vaporize as the heat can break off the carbon-fluoride bond which in turn can be very toxic. 2-FMA is commonly compared to [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse) in its duration, potency and efficacy as a study or productivity aid. A substantial increase in adverse effects like [[increased blood pressure|high blood pressure]] and [[increased heart rate]] are often reported for dosages above the heavy dosage range. | |||
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2-FMA. It is strongly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 2-FMA is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is slightly weaker to that of [[methamphetamine]], but stronger than that of [[modafinil]], [[caffeine]], and [[methylphenidate]]. The particular style of stimulation which 2-FMA presents can be described as forced. This means that, at higher dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntary bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general loss of fine motor control. | *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 2-FMA is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is slightly weaker to that of [[methamphetamine]], but stronger than that of [[modafinil]], [[caffeine]], and [[methylphenidate]]. The particular style of stimulation which 2-FMA presents can be described as forced, but compared to many other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] many describe it as a very "clean" stimulation. This means that, at higher dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntary bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general loss of fine motor control. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This effect is more prominent at higher dosages and is typically weaker then that of other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[lisdexamfetamine]] and [[methylphenidate]] | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is typically experienced only at higher dosages and is more prominent on the comedown. | *'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is typically experienced only at higher dosages and is more prominent on the comedown. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component is more prominent as higher dosages and can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - Multiple reports indicate that after recurrent user short-term memory loss is common. | |||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{toxicity}} | |||
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-FMA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-FMA has a very limited history of human usage. | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-FMA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-FMA has a very limited history of human usage. | ||
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It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
=== | ===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ||
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 2-FMA can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 2-FMA can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | ||
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===Psychosis=== | ===Psychosis=== | ||
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | {{Main|Stimulant psychosis}} | ||
The use of compounds in the amphetamine class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref> | The use of compounds in the amphetamine class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>{{Citation | publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse | title=Emerging Trends | url=https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/emerging-trends-alerts}}</ref><ref name="amppsychosis">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[amphetamine|dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amppsychosis" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amppsychosis" /> | ||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
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2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | 2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume. | ||
*'''Canada''': 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | *'''Canada''': 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref> | ||
*'''China''': As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> | *'''China''': As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> | ||
*'''France''': As of december 2024, 2-FMA is not explicitly scheduled. It is thus legal to possess, although in a grey area.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref> | |||
*'''Germany''': 2-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Germany''': 2-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''New Zealand''': 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576</ref> | *'''New Zealand''': 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 01 July 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | *'''Switzerland''': 2-FMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' 2-FMA is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | |||
*'''The Netherlands:''' 2-FMA is a controlled substance as of July 1, 2025. <ref>{{Citation|title= Bepaalde groepen designerdrugs (ook wel nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen) zijn sinds 1 juli 2025 verboden. Deze stoffen zijn schadelijk. Gebruikers kunnen er gezondheidsproblemen van krijgen en er zelfs door overlijden. | year=2025|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/drugs/verbod-op-designerdrugs}}</ref> | |||
*'''United Kingdom''': 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I}}</ref> | |||
*'''Ukraine''': 2-FMA is considered a narcotic and is illegal.<ref>{{Citation | title=Про внесення змін до переліку наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів | url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/600-2019-%D0%BF}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | [[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | ||
[[Category:Stimulant]] | [[Category:Stimulant]] | ||
[[Category:Amphetamine]] | [[Category:Amphetamine]] | ||
[[Category:Research chemical]] | [[Category:Research chemical]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||