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Mephedrone: Difference between revisions
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>David Hedlund {{Experience reports|erowid_experience_substance_label=4-Methylmethcathinone}} |
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'''4-Methylmethcathinone''' (also known as '''4-MMC''', '''M-CAT''', '''drone''', '''meow meow''', and '''mephedrone'''<ref>Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | | '''4-Methylmethcathinone''' (also known as '''4-MMC''', '''M-CAT''', '''drone''', '''meow meow''', and '''mephedrone'''<ref name="Schifano2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schifano, F.)), ((Albanese, A.)), ((Fergus, S.)), ((Stair, J. L.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corkery, J.)), ((Siemann, H.)), ((Scherbaum, N.)), ((Farre’, M.)), ((Torrens, M.)), ((Demetrovics, Z.)), ((Ghodse, A. H.)), ((Psychonaut Web Mapping)), ((ReDNet Research Groups)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues | volume=214 | issue=3 | pages=593–602 | date=1 April 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x | issn=1432-2072 | doi=10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x}}</ref>) is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]]-[[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] class. Mephedrone belongs to a group known as the [[substituted cathinones]], which are derivatives of the active ingredient in the khat plant (''Catha edulluis''). It is thought to produce its effects by promoting the release of the [[neurotransmitters]] [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.{{citation needed}} | ||
Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}} | Mephedrone was first synthesized in 1929, but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in 2003. In 2007 it was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by 2008 law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by 2010 it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom.{{citation needed}} | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref | [[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement|enhanced empathy and sociability]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxation]], [[increased libido]], and [[euphoria]]. It is reported to produce a mixture of classic [[stimulant]] and [[entactogen]]ic effects reminiscent of [[cocaine]] and [[MDMA]].<ref name="Schifano2011" /> It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally. It is also sometimes sold as [[MDMA]] ("molly"). | ||
Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Limited data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of mephedrone, and it has little history of human use. Preliminary evidence suggests it may possess neurotoxic and cardiotoxic properties.{{citation needed}} It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | ||
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
Given its chemical structure, mephedrone is likely to act as a [[releasing agent]] and a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for monoamine [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]].<ref>What should be done about mephedrone? | Given its chemical structure, mephedrone is likely to act as a [[releasing agent]] and a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for monoamine [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Marsden, J.)), ((Mitcheson, L.)) | journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.) | title=What should be done about mephedrone? | volume=340 | pages=c1605 | date=23 March 2010 | issn=1756-1833 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c1605}}</ref> | ||
Several articles published near the end of 2011 examined the effects of mephedrone in the brains of rats, as well as examining the reinforcing potential of mephedrone. [[Dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] were collected using microdialysis, and increases in [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] were measured. Mephedrone administration caused about a 500% increase in [[dopamine]], and about a 950% increase in [[serotonin]]. They reached their peak concentrations at 40 minutes and 20 minutes and returned to baseline by 120 minutes after injection. | Several articles published near the end of 2011 examined the effects of mephedrone in the brains of rats, as well as examining the reinforcing potential of mephedrone. [[Dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] were collected using microdialysis, and increases in [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] were measured. Mephedrone administration caused about a 500% increase in [[dopamine]], and about a 950% increase in [[serotonin]]. They reached their peak concentrations at 40 minutes and 20 minutes and returned to baseline by 120 minutes after injection. | ||
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Analysis of the ratio for dopamine and serotonin indicated mephedrone was preferentially a [[serotonin]] [[Releasing agent|releaser]], with a ratio of 1.22:1 ([[serotonin]] vs. [[dopamine]]). Additionally, half-lives for the decrease in dopamine and serotonin were calculated and found to have decay rates of 24.5 minutes and 25.5 minutes. | Analysis of the ratio for dopamine and serotonin indicated mephedrone was preferentially a [[serotonin]] [[Releasing agent|releaser]], with a ratio of 1.22:1 ([[serotonin]] vs. [[dopamine]]). Additionally, half-lives for the decrease in dopamine and serotonin were calculated and found to have decay rates of 24.5 minutes and 25.5 minutes. | ||
These findings show mephedrone induces a massive increase in both [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]], combined with rapid clearance. This increase in neurotransmitters provides an explanation for the euphoric and stimulating subjective effects induced by this experience. The rapid rise and subsequent fall of [[dopamine]] levels could also explain some of the addictive properties of mephedrone display in some users.<ref>Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats | These findings show mephedrone induces a massive increase in both [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]], combined with rapid clearance. This increase in neurotransmitters provides an explanation for the euphoric and stimulating subjective effects induced by this experience. The rapid rise and subsequent fall of [[dopamine]] levels could also explain some of the addictive properties of mephedrone display in some users.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kehr, J.)), ((Ichinose, F.)), ((Yoshitake, S.)), ((Goiny, M.)), ((Sievertsson, T.)), ((Nyberg, F.)), ((Yoshitake, T.)) | journal=British Journal of Pharmacology | title=Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats | volume=164 | issue=8 | pages=1949–1958 | date= December 2011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246659/ | issn=0007-1188 | doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01499.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hadlock, G. C.)), ((Webb, K. M.)), ((McFadden, L. M.)), ((Chu, P. W.)), ((Ellis, J. D.)), ((Allen, S. C.)), ((Andrenyak, D. M.)), ((Vieira-Brock, P. L.)), ((German, C. L.)), ((Conrad, K. M.)), ((Hoonakker, A. J.)), ((Gibb, J. W.)), ((Wilkins, D. G.)), ((Hanson, G. R.)), ((Fleckenstein, A. E.)) | journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | title=4-Methylmethcathinone (mephedrone): neuropharmacological effects of a designer stimulant of abuse | volume=339 | issue=2 | pages=530–536 | date= November 2011 | issn=1521-0103 | doi=10.1124/jpet.111.184119}}</ref> | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Dry mouth and dehydration are a universal experience with mephedrone and are a product of an increased heart rate and extreme motivation to engage in strenuous physical activities. While it is important to avoid becoming dehydrated, especially when out dancing in a hot environment, there is a potential possibility of suffering from water intoxication through over-drinking so it is advised that users simply sip at water and never over drink. | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' - Dry mouth and dehydration are a universal experience with mephedrone and are a product of an increased heart rate and extreme motivation to engage in strenuous physical activities. While it is important to avoid becoming dehydrated, especially when out dancing in a hot environment, there is a potential possibility of suffering from water intoxication through over-drinking so it is advised that users simply sip at water and never over drink. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]''' - Higher doses of mephedrone result in an overall difficulty when it comes to urination, an effect that is completely temporary and thought to be harmless. | *'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]''' - Higher doses of mephedrone result in an overall difficulty when it comes to urination, an effect that is completely temporary and thought to be harmless. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - A survey conducted by the UK's National Addiction Centre reported that 15% of mephedrone users experienced cold or blue fingers and lips<ref>Clubbers are | *'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - A survey conducted by the UK's National Addiction Centre reported that 15% of mephedrone users experienced cold or blue fingers and lips<ref name="Clubbers2010">{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Clubbers are “turning to new legal high mephedrone” | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-10004366}}</ref> indicative of vasoconstriction occurring.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((James, D.)), ((Adams, R. D.)), ((Spears, R.)), ((Cooper, G.)), ((Lupton, D. J.)), ((Thompson, J. P.)), ((Thomas, S. H. L.)), ((National Poisons Information Service)) | journal=Emergency medicine journal: EMJ | title=Clinical characteristics of mephedrone toxicity reported to the U.K. National Poisons Information Service | volume=28 | issue=8 | pages=686–689 | date= August 2011 | issn=1472-0213 | doi=10.1136/emj.2010.096636}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Mephedrone can potentially leave a very distinct and unpleasant odor within one's urine, sweat and general bodily secretions which is often described as smelling similar to cat urine.<ref> | *'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Mephedrone can potentially leave a very distinct and unpleasant odor within one's urine, sweat and general bodily secretions which is often described as smelling similar to cat urine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Fort, H.)) | year=2015 | title=Does your child smell of cat wee? It could be meow meow | url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/symptoms-mephedrone-use-extreme-weight-5130803}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]''' - This particular effect, although distinct, is far less prominent than the same effect found within traditional [[entactogens]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[2C-B]] | *'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]''' - This particular effect, although distinct, is far less prominent than the same effect found within traditional [[entactogens]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[2C-B]] | ||
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - Strong feelings of time compression are common within mephedrone and speed up the experience of time quite | *'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - Strong feelings of time compression are common within mephedrone and speed up the experience of time quite noticeably. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - The urge to redose is notoriously strong. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - This effect is one of the most powerful among entactogens. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
===Experience reports=== | ===Experience reports=== | ||
{{Experience reports|erowid_experience_substance_label=4-Methylmethcathinone}} | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Mephedrone was found to be the 13th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]] | |||
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref>Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref> | Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of mephedrone due to its short history of its use.<ref name="Clubbers2010" /> Along side of this, the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Winstock, A. R.)), ((Mitcheson, L. R.)), ((Deluca, P.)), ((Davey, Z.)), ((Corazza, O.)), ((Schifano, F.)) | journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England) | title=Mephedrone, new kid for the chop? | volume=106 | issue=1 | pages=154–161 | date= January 2011 | issn=1360-0443 | doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03130.x}}</ref> | ||
In 2010, unconfirmed reports speculated about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July 2010, mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone.<ref>Ghodse, H.; Corkery, J.; Ahmed, K.; Naidoo, V.; Oyefeso and, A.; Schifano, F. (July 2010). "Drug-related deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2010". International Centre for Drug Policy, St George's University of London. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2010-01-02.</ref> The first death reported to be caused by mephedrone use was that of 46-year-old<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Man from Hove died after injecting mephedrone | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10176982 | access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> who had underlying health problems and repeatedly injected the drug.<ref>{{Citation | year=2010 | title=Teenagers’ deaths “not caused by mephedrone” | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10184803 | access-date=20 September 2010}}</ref> A report in Forensic Science International in stated mephedrone intoxication has been recorded as the cause of death in two cases in Scotland.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Torrance, H.)), ((Cooper, G.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=The detection of mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) in 4 fatalities in Scotland | volume=202 | issue=1–3 | pages=e62-63 | date=10 October 2010 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.014}}</ref> | |||
Despite similarities to known neurotoxins such as [[methamphetamine]] and other [[Substituted cathinone|cathinone]] derivatives, mephedrone does not appear to produce neurotoxic effects in the dopamine system of mice.<ref>Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of | Despite similarities to known neurotoxins such as [[methamphetamine]] and other [[Substituted cathinone|cathinone]] derivatives, mephedrone does not appear to produce neurotoxic effects in the dopamine system of mice.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Angoa-Pérez, M.)), ((Kane, M. J.)), ((Francescutti, D. M.)), ((Sykes, K. E.)), ((Shah, M. M.)), ((Mohammed, A. M.)), ((Thomas, D. M.)), ((Kuhn, D. M.)) | journal=Journal of Neurochemistry | title=Mephedrone, an abused psychoactive component of “bath salts” and methamphetamine congener, does not cause neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum | volume=120 | issue=6 | pages=1097–1107 | date= March 2012 | issn=1471-4159 | doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07632.x}}</ref> | ||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | ||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of mephedrone can be considered | As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of mephedrone can be considered highly addictive with an extreme potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. | ||
Tolerance to many of the effects of mephedrone [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Mephedrone presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulant]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of mephedrone all [[stimulant]]s will have a reduced effect. | Tolerance to many of the effects of mephedrone [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Mephedrone presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulant]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of mephedrone all [[stimulant]]s will have a reduced effect. | ||
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In December 2010, the European Council decided that mephedrone shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:321:0064:0065:EN:PDF|title=Council Decision on submitting 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) to control measures|date=December 2, 2010|publication-date=December 8, 2010|work=Official Journal of the European Union|pages=44-45|id=L 322|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955}}</ref> | In December 2010, the European Council decided that mephedrone shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:321:0064:0065:EN:PDF|title=Council Decision on submitting 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) to control measures|date=December 2, 2010|publication-date=December 8, 2010|work=Official Journal of the European Union|pages=44-45|id=L 322|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955}}</ref> | ||
*'''Australia''': Mephedrone has been added to the Australian federal drug watch list and is now considered illegal if intended for human consumption.{{ | *'''Australia''': Mephedrone has been added to the Australian federal drug watch list and is now considered illegal if intended for human consumption. Mephedrone is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2021L00650|title=Poisons Standard June 2021|publication-date=May 26, 2021|language=en}}</ref>. A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities. | ||
*'''Austria''': Mephedrone is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) as of August 21, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.diepresse.com/589205/mode-droge-mephedron-in-osterreich-verboten|title=Mode-Droge Mephedron in Österreich verboten|publisher=Die Presse|date=August 22, 2010|access-date=December 27, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Austria''': Mephedrone is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) as of August 21, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.diepresse.com/589205/mode-droge-mephedron-in-osterreich-verboten|title=Mode-Droge Mephedron in Österreich verboten|publisher=Die Presse|date=August 22, 2010|access-date=December 27, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Belgium''': Mephedrone was banned on April 29, 2010, by making it a regulated drug requiring the approval of the Ministry of Human Health to import, sell, or possess.{{citation needed}} | *'''Belgium''': Mephedrone was banned on April 29, 2010, by making it a regulated drug requiring the approval of the Ministry of Human Health to import, sell, or possess.{{citation needed}} | ||
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*'''Switzerland''': Mephedrone is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': Mephedrone is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' Mephedrone is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>17 şubat 2012, BAKANLAR KURULU KARARI Karar Sayısı : 2012/2861 | https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/03/20120322-1-6-1.pdf</ref> | *'''Turkey:''' Mephedrone is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>17 şubat 2012, BAKANLAR KURULU KARARI Karar Sayısı : 2012/2861 | https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/03/20120322-1-6-1.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': Mephedrone is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.<ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': Mephedrone is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1207/made}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': Mephedrone is currently a Schedule I drug in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (sell, trade or give) without a DEA license. | *'''United States''': Mephedrone is currently a Schedule I drug in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (sell, trade or give) without a DEA license.<ref> https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/812.htm</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Stimulants]] | *[[Stimulants]] | ||
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*[[MDMA]] | *[[MDMA]] | ||
*[[Cocaine]] | *[[Cocaine]] | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephedrone Mephedrone (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephedrone Mephedrone (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylmethcathinone/ Mephedrone (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/4_methylmethcathinone/ Mephedrone (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2018 Mephedrone (Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2018 Mephedrone (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB13108 Mephedrone (DrugBank)] | |||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Mephedrone Mephedrone (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||