Haloperidol: Difference between revisions

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~~{{headerpanel|{{stub}} }}~~

'''Haloperidol''' (trade name '''Haldol''') is an [[antipsychotic]] drug used to treat a variety of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, [[mania]], bipolar disorder, [[delirium]], [[psychosis]], Tourette syndrome, as well as other disorders. It was first synthesized in 1958 by Paul Janssen<ref>~~https://books~~.~~google.ca/books?id~~=~~Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg~~=~~PA124#v~~=~~onepage&q~~&f=~~false~~</ref> from [[meperidine]]<ref>~~https://books~~.~~google.ca/books?id~~=~~iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg~~=~~PA62#v~~=~~onepage&q~~&f=~~false~~</ref>. Haloperidol is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf</ref> It is also one of the most frequently prescribed typical antipsychotics and is sometimes carried by medical services as an emergency sedative.

'''Haloperidol''' (trade name '''Haldol''') is an [[antipsychotic]] drug used to treat a variety of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, [[mania]], bipolar disorder, [[delirium]], [[psychosis]], Tourette syndrome, as well as other disorders. It was first synthesized in 1958 by Paul Janssen<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sneader, W.)) | date=23 June 2005 | title=Drug Discovery: A History | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=9780471899792}}</ref> from [[meperidine]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Ravina, E.)) | date=18 April 2011 | title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=9783527326693}}</ref>. Haloperidol is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf</ref> It is also one of the most frequently prescribed typical antipsychotics and is sometimes carried by medical services as an emergency sedative.

==History and culture==

~~The~~ discovery of haloperidol at the end of the 1950s constitutes one of the greatest advances of 20th century psychiatry. This [[antipsychotic]] drug has their origin in the research process of central [[analgesic]] molecules derived from [[pethidine]] and [[methadone]], carried out by the Belgian company Janssen Phamaceutica. After the synthesis of [[phenoperidine]], numerous analogues of this compound were studied, and chemists at Janssen took the decision to substitute the propiophenone group for a butyrophenone group. One of these compounds went the R-1625, a stronger agent with specifically neuroleptic properties but lacking [[morphine]]-like activity. ~~This substance~~ was synthesized on the 11th February 1958 and received the generic name of haloperidol because of the two halogenated substitutes incorporated into the molecule. Clinical development of haloperidol was conducted, primarily, by psychiatric research team at the University of Liège that confirmed its efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as acute and chronic paranoid [[psychosis]], mania, or chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Under the brand name Haldol((R)), haloperidol was licensed and marketed in Belgium in October 1959. ~~The direct and differed consequences of its introduction into the psychiatric practice~~ have ~~been multiple, involving different areas of socio-sanitary reality. Moreover, haloperidol has~~ contributed substantially to the development of biological psychiatry and currently neuroscience, because it made possible the development of new experimental models for predicting the effects of antipsychotics, and allowed the postulate of the firsts biological hypotheses about the schizophrenia etiology. ~~Haloperidol has been~~ included in the World Health Organisation's ~~list~~ of ~~essential medicines~~.<ref~~>The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https:/~~/~~www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19186209</ref~~>

According to Francisco López-Munoz, the "discovery of haloperidol at the end of the 1950s constitutes one of the greatest advances of 20th century psychiatry."<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009">{{cite journal|last1=López-Muñoz|first1=Francisco|last2=Alamo|first2=Cecilio|title=The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=79|issue=2|year=2009|pages=130–141|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005}}</ref> This [[antipsychotic]] drug has their origin in the research process of central [[analgesic]] molecules derived from [[pethidine]] and [[methadone]], carried out by the Belgian company Janssen Phamaceutica. After the synthesis of [[phenoperidine]], numerous analogues of this compound were studied, and chemists at Janssen took the decision to substitute the propiophenone group for a butyrophenone group. One of these compounds went the R-1625, a stronger agent with specifically neuroleptic properties but lacking [[morphine]]-like activity.

Haloperidal was synthesized on the 11th February 1958 and received the generic name of haloperidol because of the two halogenated substitutes incorporated into the molecule. Clinical development of haloperidol was conducted, primarily, by psychiatric research team at the University of Liège that confirmed its efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as acute and chronic paranoid [[psychosis]], mania, or chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Under the brand name Haldol((R)), haloperidol was licensed and marketed in Belgium in October 1959.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" />

Haloperidol is claimed to have contributed substantially to the development of biological psychiatry and currently neuroscience, because it made possible the development of new experimental models for predicting the effects of antipsychotics, and allowed the postulate of the firsts biological hypotheses about the schizophrenia etiology.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" /> It is included in the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" />

==Chemistry==

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==Pharmacology==

As a typical antipsychotic, haloperidol has a diverse pharmacological profile. Primarily, haloperidol acts on [[dopamine]] D2 [[receptor]]s as an [[antagonist]], as well as a D3 inverse [[agonist]]. Haloperidol is also an antagonist of the [[serotonin |5-HT]]2A receptor, although this effect is not as powerful as that of [[quetiapine]]. Unlike many antipsychotcs, haloperidol has negligible affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well as the histamine receptors, which results in less sedation, weight gain and hypotension.<ref>H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | ~~http~~://www.nature.com/~~npp~~/~~journal~~/~~v28/n3/full/1300027a~~.~~html~~</ref>

As a typical antipsychotic, haloperidol has a diverse pharmacological profile. Primarily, haloperidol acts on [[dopamine]] D2 [[receptor]]s as an [[antagonist]], as well as a D3 inverse [[agonist]]. Haloperidol is also an antagonist of the [[serotonin |5-HT]]2A receptor, although this effect is not as powerful as that of [[quetiapine]]. Unlike many antipsychotcs, haloperidol has negligible affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well as the histamine receptors, which results in less sedation, weight gain and hypotension.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kroeze, W. K.)), ((Hufeisen, S. J.)), ((Popadak, B. A.)), ((Renock, S. M.)), ((Steinberg, S.)), ((Ernsberger, P.)), ((Jayathilake, K.)), ((Meltzer, H. Y.)), ((Roth, B. L.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=519–526 | date= March 2003 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1300027 | issn=1740-634X | doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1300027}}</ref>

==Subjective effects==

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*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Excessive yawning]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Muscle ~~stiffness~~]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Muscle tension]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Nausea suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Neurotoxicity]]''' - Several lines of evidence suggest that haloperidol exhibits neurotoxicity.<ref name="pmid28738100">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasrallah HA, Chen AT | title = Multiple neurotoxic effects of haloperidol resulting in neuronal death | journal = Annals of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–202 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28738100 | doi = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pierre JM | title = Time to retire haloperidol? | journal = Current Psychiatry | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | page = 19 | url = https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/221293/schizophrenia-other-psychotic-disorders }}</ref>

*'''[[Effect::Physical fatigue]]''' - This effect can sometimes result in an inability to perform tasks such as exercise, walking or even sitting.

*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''

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*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''

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}}

===Experience reports===

~~There are currently no anecdotal~~ reports ~~which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:~~

{{Experience reports|erowid_experience_substance_label=Pharms - Haloperidol}}

*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Haloperidol.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Haloperidol]

==Toxicity and harm potential==

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Haloperidol [[Toxicity::can have serious side effects at higher dosages]], such as [[Toxicity::risk of having severe extrapyramidal symptoms and muscle rigidity]], which can last for hours.

Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia.<ref>Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics | http://journals.lww.com/co-~~psychiatry~~/~~pages/articleviewer~~.~~aspx?year=2008&issue=03000&article=00012&type=abstract~~</ref> ~~According to one study, rates~~ are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%.~~<ref>Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics | http://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2008&issue=03000&article=00012&type=abstract</ref>~~ Switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals.<ref>Tardive Dyskinesia | ~~http~~://~~link~~.~~springer~~.~~com/article~~/10.1007~~%2Fs11940~~-011-0117-x</ref>

Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Correll, C. U.)), ((Schenk, E. M.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry | title=Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics: | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=151–156 | date= March 2008 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00001504-200803000-00012 | issn=0951-7367 | doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f53132}}</ref> Rates are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%. Switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aia, P. G.)), ((Revuelta, G. J.)), ((Cloud, L. J.)), ((Factor, S. A.)) | journal=Current Treatment Options in Neurology | title=Tardive Dyskinesia | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=231–241 | date=1 June 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-011-0117-x | issn=1534-3138 | doi=10.1007/s11940-011-0117-x}}</ref>

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.

==Legal ~~issues~~==

==Legal status==

*'''Australia:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}

*'''Canada:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}

*'''Germany:''' Haloperidol is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html</ref>

*'''Germany:''' Haloperidol is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage 1 AMVV - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html}}</ref>

*'''Switzerland:''' Haloperidol is listed as a "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceutical, which requires a prescription.{{citation needed}}

*'''United Kingdom:''' Haloperidol is a prescription-only medication.{{citation needed}}

*'''United States:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Antipsychotic]]

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*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=12029 Haloperidol decanoate (Isomer Design)]

*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3217 Haloperidol propionate (Isomer Design)]

*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00502 Haloperidol (DrugBank)]

*[https://www.drugs.com/cdi/haloperidol.html Haloperidol (Drugs.com)]

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[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]

[[Category:~~Piperidine~~]]

[[Category:Butyrophenone]]

[[Category:Phenylpiperidine]]

[[Category:Antihistamine]]

~~[[Category:Depressant]]~~

[[Category:Antipsychotic]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{headerpanel|{{stub}} }}
 {{SummarySheet}}
 {{SubstanceBox/Haloperidol}}
-'''Haloperidol''' (trade name '''Haldol''') is an [[antipsychotic]] drug used to treat a variety of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, [[mania]], bipolar disorder, [[delirium]], [[psychosis]], Tourette syndrome, as well as other disorders. It was first synthesized in 1958 by Paul Janssen<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> from [[meperidine]]<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>. Haloperidol is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf</ref> It is also one of the most frequently prescribed typical antipsychotics and is sometimes carried by medical services as an emergency sedative.
+'''Haloperidol''' (trade name '''Haldol''') is an [[antipsychotic]] drug used to treat a variety of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, [[mania]], bipolar disorder, [[delirium]], [[psychosis]], Tourette syndrome, as well as other disorders. It was first synthesized in 1958 by Paul Janssen<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sneader, W.)) | date=23 June 2005 | title=Drug Discovery: A History | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=9780471899792}}</ref> from [[meperidine]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Ravina, E.)) | date=18 April 2011 | title=The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=9783527326693}}</ref>. Haloperidol is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.<ref>http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf</ref> It is also one of the most frequently prescribed typical antipsychotics and is sometimes carried by medical services as an emergency sedative.
 ==History and culture==
-The discovery of haloperidol at the end of the 1950s constitutes one of the greatest advances of 20th century psychiatry. This [[antipsychotic]] drug has their origin in the research process of central [[analgesic]] molecules derived from [[pethidine]] and [[methadone]], carried out by the Belgian company Janssen Phamaceutica. After the synthesis of [[phenoperidine]], numerous analogues of this compound were studied, and chemists at Janssen took the decision to substitute the propiophenone group for a butyrophenone group. One of these compounds went the R-1625, a stronger agent with specifically neuroleptic properties but lacking [[morphine]]-like activity. This substance was synthesized on the 11th February 1958 and received the generic name of haloperidol because of the two halogenated substitutes incorporated into the molecule. Clinical development of haloperidol was conducted, primarily, by psychiatric research team at the University of Liège that confirmed its efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as acute and chronic paranoid [[psychosis]], mania, or chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Under the brand name Haldol((R)), haloperidol was licensed and marketed in Belgium in October 1959. The direct and differed consequences of its introduction into the psychiatric practice have been multiple, involving different areas of socio-sanitary reality. Moreover, haloperidol has contributed substantially to the development of biological psychiatry and currently neuroscience, because it made possible the development of new experimental models for predicting the effects of antipsychotics, and allowed the postulate of the firsts biological hypotheses about the schizophrenia etiology. Haloperidol has been included in the World Health Organisation's list of essential medicines.<ref>The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19186209</ref>
+According to Francisco López-Munoz, the "discovery of haloperidol at the end of the 1950s constitutes one of the greatest advances of 20th century psychiatry."<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009">{{cite journal|last1=López-Muñoz|first1=Francisco|last2=Alamo|first2=Cecilio|title=The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=79|issue=2|year=2009|pages=130–141|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005}}</ref> This [[antipsychotic]] drug has their origin in the research process of central [[analgesic]] molecules derived from [[pethidine]] and [[methadone]], carried out by the Belgian company Janssen Phamaceutica. After the synthesis of [[phenoperidine]], numerous analogues of this compound were studied, and chemists at Janssen took the decision to substitute the propiophenone group for a butyrophenone group. One of these compounds went the R-1625, a stronger agent with specifically neuroleptic properties but lacking [[morphine]]-like activity.
+Haloperidal was synthesized on the 11th February 1958 and received the generic name of haloperidol because of the two halogenated substitutes incorporated into the molecule. Clinical development of haloperidol was conducted, primarily, by psychiatric research team at the University of Liège that confirmed its efficacy in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as acute and chronic paranoid [[psychosis]], mania, or chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Under the brand name Haldol((R)), haloperidol was licensed and marketed in Belgium in October 1959.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" />
+Haloperidol is claimed to have contributed substantially to the development of biological psychiatry and currently neuroscience, because it made possible the development of new experimental models for predicting the effects of antipsychotics, and allowed the postulate of the firsts biological hypotheses about the schizophrenia etiology.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" /> It is included in the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="López-MuñozAlamo2009" />
 ==Chemistry==
@@ Line 14: / Line 17: @@
 ==Pharmacology==
 {{pharmacology}}
-As a typical antipsychotic, haloperidol has a diverse pharmacological profile. Primarily, haloperidol acts on [[dopamine]] D<sub>2</sub> [[receptor]]s as an [[antagonist]], as well as a D<sub>3</sub> inverse [[agonist]]. Haloperidol is also an antagonist of the [[serotonin |5-HT]]<sub>2A</sub> receptor, although this effect is not as powerful as that of [[quetiapine]]. Unlike many antipsychotcs, haloperidol has negligible affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well as the histamine receptors, which results in less sedation, weight gain and hypotension.<ref>H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v28/n3/full/1300027a.html</ref>
+As a typical antipsychotic, haloperidol has a diverse pharmacological profile. Primarily, haloperidol acts on [[dopamine]] D<sub>2</sub> [[receptor]]s as an [[antagonist]], as well as a D<sub>3</sub> inverse [[agonist]]. Haloperidol is also an antagonist of the [[serotonin |5-HT]]<sub>2A</sub> receptor, although this effect is not as powerful as that of [[quetiapine]]. Unlike many antipsychotcs, haloperidol has negligible affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well as the histamine receptors, which results in less sedation, weight gain and hypotension.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kroeze, W. K.)), ((Hufeisen, S. J.)), ((Popadak, B. A.)), ((Renock, S. M.)), ((Steinberg, S.)), ((Ernsberger, P.)), ((Jayathilake, K.)), ((Meltzer, H. Y.)), ((Roth, B. L.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=H1-Histamine Receptor Affinity Predicts Short-Term Weight Gain for Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs | volume=28 | issue=3 | pages=519–526 | date= March 2003 | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1300027 | issn=1740-634X | doi=10.1038/sj.npp.1300027}}</ref>
 ==Subjective effects==
@@ Line 26: / Line 29: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Excessive yawning]]'''
-*'''[[Effect::Muscle stiffness]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Muscle tension]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Nausea suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Neurotoxicity]]''' - Several lines of evidence suggest that haloperidol exhibits neurotoxicity.<ref name="pmid28738100">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasrallah HA, Chen AT | title = Multiple neurotoxic effects of haloperidol resulting in neuronal death | journal = Annals of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–202 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28738100 | doi =  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pierre JM | title = Time to retire haloperidol? | journal = Current Psychiatry | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | page = 19 | url = https://www.mdedge.com/psychiatry/article/221293/schizophrenia-other-psychotic-disorders }}</ref>
 *'''[[Effect::Physical fatigue]]''' - This effect can sometimes result in an inability to perform tasks such as exercise, walking or even sitting.
 *'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
@@ Line 37: / Line 41: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]'''
+*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''
@@ Line 43: / Line 49: @@
 }}
 ===Experience reports===
-There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
+{{Experience reports|erowid_experience_substance_label=Pharms - Haloperidol}}
-*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Haloperidol.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Haloperidol]
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
@@ Line 51: / Line 55: @@
 Haloperidol [[Toxicity::can have serious side effects at higher dosages]], such as [[Toxicity::risk of having severe extrapyramidal symptoms and muscle rigidity]], which can last for hours.
-Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia.<ref>Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics | http://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2008&issue=03000&article=00012&type=abstract</ref> According to one study, rates are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%.<ref>Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics | http://journals.lww.com/co-psychiatry/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2008&issue=03000&article=00012&type=abstract</ref> Switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals.<ref>Tardive Dyskinesia | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11940-011-0117-x</ref>
+Both typical and atypical antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Correll, C. U.)), ((Schenk, E. M.)) | journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry | title=Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics: | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=151–156 | date= March 2008 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00001504-200803000-00012 | issn=0951-7367 | doi=10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f53132}}</ref> Rates are lower with the atypicals at 3.9% as opposed to the typicals at 5.5%. Switching to these atypicals is an option to minimize symptoms of tardive dyskinesia caused by other atypicals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aia, P. G.)), ((Revuelta, G. J.)), ((Cloud, L. J.)), ((Factor, S. A.)) | journal=Current Treatment Options in Neurology | title=Tardive Dyskinesia | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=231–241 | date=1 June 2011 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-011-0117-x | issn=1534-3138 | doi=10.1007/s11940-011-0117-x}}</ref>
 It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
-==Legal issues==
+==Legal status==
 *'''Australia:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}
 *'''Canada:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}
-*'''Germany:''' Haloperidol is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html</ref>
+*'''Germany:''' Haloperidol is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage 1 AMVV - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html}}</ref>
+*'''Switzerland:''' Haloperidol is listed as a "Abgabekategorie B" pharmaceutical, which requires a prescription.{{citation needed}}
 *'''United Kingdom:''' Haloperidol is a prescription-only medication.{{citation needed}}
 *'''United States:''' The drug is available via prescription only.{{citation needed}}
 ==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Antipsychotic]]
@@ Line 77: / Line 80: @@
 *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=12029 Haloperidol decanoate (Isomer Design)]
 *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3217 Haloperidol propionate (Isomer Design)]
+*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00502 Haloperidol (DrugBank)]
 *[https://www.drugs.com/cdi/haloperidol.html Haloperidol (Drugs.com)]
@@ Line 82: / Line 86: @@
 <references />
 [[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
-[[Category:Piperidine]]
+[[Category:Butyrophenone]]
+[[Category:Phenylpiperidine]]
 [[Category:Antihistamine]]
-[[Category:Depressant]]
 [[Category:Antipsychotic]]