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Inhalants: Difference between revisions

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Inhalants do not include substances that are breathed in after they have been heated through vaporization or burned. For example, [[poppers|amyl nitrite]] (poppers), [[nitrous oxide]] and [[toluene]] are considered to be inhalants because they are volatile at room temperature and need no other heat source to transform from liquid to gaseous state. [[Tobacco]], [[cannabis]], [[cocaine|crack-cocaine]], or any other [[:category:psychoactive substance|psychoactive substance]] that requires an external heat source is not considered to be a member of the inhalant category of substances, even though once heated the resulting fumes are inhaled into the lungs.
Inhalants do not include substances that are breathed in after they have been heated through vaporization or burned. For example, [[poppers|amyl nitrite]] (poppers), [[nitrous oxide]] and [[toluene]] are considered to be inhalants because they are volatile at room temperature and need no other heat source to transform from liquid to gaseous state. [[Tobacco]], [[cannabis]], [[cocaine|crack-cocaine]], or any other [[:category:psychoactive substance|psychoactive substance]] that requires an external heat source is not considered to be a member of the inhalant category of substances, even though once heated the resulting fumes are inhaled into the lungs.
==Overview==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! Safety
! Category
! Sub category
! Psychoactive effect
! Examples<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Radparvar |first1=S |title=The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Inhalant Abuse. |journal=The Permanente journal |date=15 June 2023 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=99-109 |doi=10.7812/TPP/22.164 |pmid=37078126 |pmc=10266853}}</ref>
! Example image
|-
! rowspan="2" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants Medical inhalants]
| [[Nitrite]]s
|
| [[Dissociative]]
| [[Alkyl nitrites]] ([[poppers]] such as [[amyl nitrite]])
| [[Image:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|frameless|center|90x50px]]
|-
| [[NOx]]
|
| [[Dissociative]]
| [[Nitrous oxide]] (found in whipped cream canisters)
| [[Image:Nitrous-oxide-2D-VB.svg|frameless|center|150x50px]]
|-
! rowspan="7" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants#Historical Medical (historical)]
|-
| [[Ether]]s
|
| [[Depressant]]
| [[Diethyl ether]] (liquid): Fuel, aerosol propellant, refrigerant, “freeze” sprays, fuel
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | Hydrocarbons
| rowspan="5" | [[Chloroalkane]]s
| rowspan="5" | [[Depressant]]
|-
| [[Carbon tetrachloride]] (liquid): Cleaning solutions, aerosol propellants
|
|-
| [[Chloroethane]] (liquid): Topical anesthetic
|
|-
| [[Chloroform]] (liquid): Cleanser for plastic compounds, adhesive, spot remover
| [[Image:Chloroform displayed.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
|-
| [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]] (liquid): Typewriter correction fluid
|
|-
! rowspan="19" | Toxic
|-
| [[Ether]]s
|
| [[Depressant]]
| [[Dimethyl ether]] (liquid): See "ethyl ether" for sources
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | Hydrocarbons
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Chloroalkane]]s
| rowspan="4" | [[Depressant]]
|-
| [[Methylene chloride]] (liquid): Paint thinners, varnish removers, degreasing agent
|
|-
| [[Tetrachloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agents, degreaser
|
|-
| [[Trichloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agent, spot remover, degreaser
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Aliphatic hydrocarbon]]s
| rowspan="7" | [[Dissociative]]
|-
| [[Butane]], [[propane]], [[methane]] (gas): Lighter fluid, bottled fuel, aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, deodorants, room fresheners, cooking oil sprays)
| [[Image:Butane simple.svg|frameless|center|90x60px]]
|-
| [[n-Hexane]] (liquid): Adhesive, gasoline, industrial solvents, rubber cement
|
|-
| [[Isooctane]] (liquid): Automotive fuel
|
|-
| [[Kerosene]] (liquid): Lighter fluid
|
|-
| [[Naphtha]] (liquid): Shoe polish, adhesive
|
|-
| [[Turpentine]] (liquid): Paint thinner, solvent
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Aromatic hydrocarbon]]s
| rowspan="3" | [[Dissociative]]
| [[Benzene]] (liquid): Gasoline, rubber cement
|
|-
| [[Toluene]] (liquid): Adhesives, paint thinner, spray paint, rubber cement, nail polish remover
| [[Image:Toluol.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
|-
| [[Xylene]] (liquid) Paint thinner, adhesive, degreaser
|
|-
| [[Fluorocarbon]]s
|
| Chlorofluorocarbons (gas): (freons: difluoroethane, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane, bromochlorodifluoromethane) Refrigerants, various aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, computer spray or duster, deodorants, room fresheners, fire extinguisher)
|
|-
| [[Ketone]]s
|
| [[Depressant]]
| [[Acetone]] (used in [[nail polish remover]])
| [[Image:Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
|}


==Medical inhalants==
==Medical inhalants==
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====Historical general anesthetics====
====Historical general anesthetics====
Obscure compounds:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane] (Wikipedia)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride] (Wikipedia)


======Chloroethane======
======Chloroethane======
Line 314: Line 431:


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Butane was found to be the 14th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
'''This section covers risks general risks for both medical and nonmedical inhalants. For specific risks with nonmedical inhalants, see [[#Toxicity and harm potential for dangerous inhalants|Toxicity and harm potential for toxic inhalants]]'''
'''This section covers risks general risks for both medical and nonmedical inhalants. For specific risks with nonmedical inhalants, see [[#Toxicity and harm potential for dangerous inhalants|Toxicity and harm potential for toxic inhalants]]'''


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