Inhalants: Difference between revisions

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Inhalants do not include substances that are breathed in after they have been heated through vaporization or burned. For example, [[poppers|amyl nitrite]] (poppers), [[nitrous oxide]] and [[toluene]] are considered to be inhalants because they are volatile at room temperature and need no other heat source to transform from liquid to gaseous state. [[Tobacco]], [[cannabis]], [[cocaine|crack-cocaine]], or any other [[:category:psychoactive substance|psychoactive substance]] that requires an external heat source is not considered to be a member of the inhalant category of substances, even though once heated the resulting fumes are inhaled into the lungs.

==Overview==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: auto; text-align: center;"

|-

! Safety

! Category

! Sub category

! Psychoactive effect

! Examples<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Radparvar |first1=S |title=The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Inhalant Abuse. |journal=The Permanente journal |date=15 June 2023 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=99-109 |doi=10.7812/TPP/22.164 |pmid=37078126 |pmc=10266853}}</ref>

! Example image

|-

! rowspan="2" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants Medical inhalants]

| [[Nitrite]]s

|

| [[Dissociative]]

| [[Alkyl nitrites]] ([[poppers]] such as [[amyl nitrite]])

| [[Image:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|frameless|center|90x50px]]

|-

| [[NOx]]

|

| [[Dissociative]]

| [[Nitrous oxide]] (found in whipped cream canisters)

| [[Image:Nitrous-oxide-2D-VB.svg|frameless|center|150x50px]]

|-

! rowspan="7" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants#Historical Medical (historical)]

|-

| [[Ether]]s

|

| [[Depressant]]

| [[Diethyl ether]] (liquid): Fuel, aerosol propellant, refrigerant, “freeze” sprays, fuel

|

|-

| rowspan="5" | Hydrocarbons

| rowspan="5" | [[Chloroalkane]]s

| rowspan="5" | [[Depressant]]

|-

| [[Carbon tetrachloride]] (liquid): Cleaning solutions, aerosol propellants

|

|-

| [[Chloroethane]] (liquid): Topical anesthetic

|

|-

| [[Chloroform]] (liquid): Cleanser for plastic compounds, adhesive, spot remover

| [[Image:Chloroform displayed.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]

|-

| [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]] (liquid): Typewriter correction fluid

|

|-

! rowspan="19" | Toxic

|-

| [[Ether]]s

|

| [[Depressant]]

| [[Dimethyl ether]] (liquid): See "ethyl ether" for sources

|

|-

| rowspan="16" | Hydrocarbons

|-

| rowspan="4" | [[Chloroalkane]]s

| rowspan="4" | [[Depressant]]

|-

| [[Methylene chloride]] (liquid): Paint thinners, varnish removers, degreasing agent

|

|-

| [[Tetrachloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agents, degreaser

|

|-

| [[Trichloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agent, spot remover, degreaser

|-

| rowspan="7" | [[Aliphatic hydrocarbon]]s

| rowspan="7" | [[Dissociative]]

|-

| [[Butane]], [[propane]], [[methane]] (gas): Lighter fluid, bottled fuel, aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, deodorants, room fresheners, cooking oil sprays)

| [[Image:Butane simple.svg|frameless|center|90x60px]]

|-

| [[n-Hexane]] (liquid): Adhesive, gasoline, industrial solvents, rubber cement

|

|-

| [[Isooctane]] (liquid): Automotive fuel

|

|-

| [[Kerosene]] (liquid): Lighter fluid

|

|-

| [[Naphtha]] (liquid): Shoe polish, adhesive

|

|-

| [[Turpentine]] (liquid): Paint thinner, solvent

|

|-

| rowspan="3" | [[Aromatic hydrocarbon]]s

| rowspan="3" | [[Dissociative]]

| [[Benzene]] (liquid): Gasoline, rubber cement

|

|-

| [[Toluene]] (liquid): Adhesives, paint thinner, spray paint, rubber cement, nail polish remover

| [[Image:Toluol.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]

|-

| [[Xylene]] (liquid) Paint thinner, adhesive, degreaser

|

|-

| [[Fluorocarbon]]s

|

| Chlorofluorocarbons (gas): (freons: difluoroethane, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane, bromochlorodifluoromethane) Refrigerants, various aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, computer spray or duster, deodorants, room fresheners, fire extinguisher)

|

|-

| [[Ketone]]s

|

| [[Depressant]]

| [[Acetone]] (used in [[nail polish remover]])

| [[Image:Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]

|}

==Medical inhalants==

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====Historical general anesthetics====

Obscure compounds:

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane] (Wikipedia)

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride] (Wikipedia)

======Chloroethane======

It was commonly used to induce general anaesthesia before continuing with di-ethyl ether, which had a much slower up-take.

In Brazil, [[chloroethane]] is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during Carnaval, known locally as "lança-perfume"<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/02/whats-lanca-perfume-the-biggest-drug-in-rio-youve-never-heard-of/ |title = What's Lança-Perfume? The Drug from Rio's Bust You've Never Heard of|magazine = Time|last1 = Melnick|first1 = Meredith|date = 2 December 2010}}</ref> (lit. ''perfume launcher'' or ''sprayer'').

Albeit not used an inhalant in modern times it is still worth to note that: In Brazil, [[chloroethane]] is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during Carnaval, known locally as "lança-perfume"<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/02/whats-lanca-perfume-the-biggest-drug-in-rio-youve-never-heard-of/ |title = What's Lança-Perfume? The Drug from Rio's Bust You've Never Heard of|magazine = Time|last1 = Melnick|first1 = Meredith|date = 2 December 2010}}</ref> (lit. ''perfume launcher'' or ''sprayer'').

======Chloroform======

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==Toxicity and harm potential==

[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Butane was found to be the 14th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]

'''This section covers risks general risks for both medical and nonmedical inhalants. For specific risks with nonmedical inhalants, see [[#Toxicity and harm potential for dangerous inhalants|Toxicity and harm potential for toxic inhalants]]'''

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Inhalants do not include substances that are breathed in after they have been heated through vaporization or burned. For example, [[poppers|amyl nitrite]] (poppers), [[nitrous oxide]] and [[toluene]] are considered to be inhalants because they are volatile at room temperature and need no other heat source to transform from liquid to gaseous state. [[Tobacco]], [[cannabis]], [[cocaine|crack-cocaine]], or any other [[:category:psychoactive substance|psychoactive substance]] that requires an external heat source is not considered to be a member of the inhalant category of substances, even though once heated the resulting fumes are inhaled into the lungs.
+==Overview==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: auto; text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Safety
+! Category
+! Sub category
+! Psychoactive effect
+! Examples<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Radparvar |first1=S |title=The Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Inhalant Abuse. |journal=The Permanente journal |date=15 June 2023 |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=99-109 |doi=10.7812/TPP/22.164 |pmid=37078126 |pmc=10266853}}</ref>
+! Example image
+|-
+! rowspan="2" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants Medical inhalants]
+| [[Nitrite]]s
+|
+| [[Dissociative]]
+| [[Alkyl nitrites]] ([[poppers]] such as [[amyl nitrite]])
+| [[Image:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|frameless|center|90x50px]]
+|-
+| [[NOx]]
+|
+| [[Dissociative]]
+| [[Nitrous oxide]] (found in whipped cream canisters)
+| [[Image:Nitrous-oxide-2D-VB.svg|frameless|center|150x50px]]
+|-
+! rowspan="7" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants#Historical Medical (historical)]
+|-
+| [[Ether]]s
+|
+| [[Depressant]]
+| [[Diethyl ether]] (liquid): Fuel, aerosol propellant, refrigerant, “freeze” sprays, fuel
+|
+|-
+| rowspan="5" | Hydrocarbons
+| rowspan="5" | [[Chloroalkane]]s
+| rowspan="5" | [[Depressant]]
+|-
+| [[Carbon tetrachloride]] (liquid): Cleaning solutions, aerosol propellants
+|
+|-
+| [[Chloroethane]] (liquid): Topical anesthetic
+|
+|-
+| [[Chloroform]] (liquid): Cleanser for plastic compounds, adhesive, spot remover
+| [[Image:Chloroform displayed.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
+|-
+| [[1,1,1-Trichloroethane]] (liquid): Typewriter correction fluid
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="19" | Toxic
+|-
+| [[Ether]]s
+|
+| [[Depressant]]
+| [[Dimethyl ether]] (liquid): See "ethyl ether" for sources
+|
+|-
+| rowspan="16" | Hydrocarbons
+|-
+| rowspan="4" | [[Chloroalkane]]s
+| rowspan="4" | [[Depressant]]
+|-
+| [[Methylene chloride]] (liquid): Paint thinners, varnish removers, degreasing agent
+|
+|-
+| [[Tetrachloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agents, degreaser
+|
+|-
+| [[Trichloroethylene]] (liquid): Dry cleaning agent, spot remover, degreaser
+|-
+| rowspan="7" | [[Aliphatic hydrocarbon]]s
+| rowspan="7" | [[Dissociative]]
+|-
+| [[Butane]], [[propane]], [[methane]] (gas): Lighter fluid, bottled fuel, aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, deodorants, room fresheners, cooking oil sprays)
+| [[Image:Butane simple.svg|frameless|center|90x60px]]
+|-
+| [[n-Hexane]] (liquid): Adhesive, gasoline, industrial solvents, rubber cement
+|
+|-
+| [[Isooctane]] (liquid): Automotive fuel
+|
+|-
+| [[Kerosene]] (liquid): Lighter fluid
+|
+|-
+| [[Naphtha]] (liquid): Shoe polish, adhesive
+|
+|-
+| [[Turpentine]] (liquid): Paint thinner, solvent
+|
+|-
+| rowspan="3" | [[Aromatic hydrocarbon]]s
+| rowspan="3" | [[Dissociative]]
+| [[Benzene]] (liquid): Gasoline, rubber cement
+|
+|-
+| [[Toluene]] (liquid):	Adhesives, paint thinner, spray paint, rubber cement, nail polish remover
+| [[Image:Toluol.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
+|-
+| [[Xylene]] (liquid)	Paint thinner, adhesive, degreaser
+|
+|-
+| [[Fluorocarbon]]s
+|
+| Chlorofluorocarbons (gas): (freons: difluoroethane, dichlorofluoromethane, tetrafluoroethane, bromochlorodifluoromethane)	Refrigerants, various aerosol propellants (hair spray, spray paint, computer spray or duster, deodorants, room fresheners, fire extinguisher)
+|
+|-
+| [[Ketone]]s
+|
+| [[Depressant]]
+| [[Acetone]] (used in [[nail polish remover]])
+| [[Image:Acetone-2D-skeletal.svg|frameless|center|60x50px]]
+|}
 ==Medical inhalants==
@@ Line 54: / Line 167: @@
 ====Historical general anesthetics====
+Obscure compounds:
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane] (Wikipedia)
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride] (Wikipedia)
 ======Chloroethane======
 It was commonly used to induce general anaesthesia before continuing with di-ethyl ether, which had a much slower up-take.
-In Brazil, [[chloroethane]] is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during Carnaval, known locally as "lança-perfume"<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/02/whats-lanca-perfume-the-biggest-drug-in-rio-youve-never-heard-of/ |title = What's Lança-Perfume? The Drug from Rio's Bust You've Never Heard of|magazine = Time|last1 = Melnick|first1 = Meredith|date = 2 December 2010}}</ref> (lit. ''perfume launcher'' or ''sprayer'').
+Albeit not used an inhalant in modern times it is still worth to note that: In Brazil, [[chloroethane]] is a major component of a traditional (though illegal) drug taken during Carnaval, known locally as "lança-perfume"<ref>{{Cite magazine | url=http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/02/whats-lanca-perfume-the-biggest-drug-in-rio-youve-never-heard-of/ |title = What's Lança-Perfume? The Drug from Rio's Bust You've Never Heard of|magazine = Time|last1 = Melnick|first1 = Meredith|date = 2 December 2010}}</ref> (lit. ''perfume launcher'' or ''sprayer'').
 ======Chloroform======
@@ Line 314: / Line 431: @@
 ==Toxicity and harm potential==
+[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Butane was found to be the 14th overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
 '''This section covers risks general risks for both medical and nonmedical inhalants. For specific risks with nonmedical inhalants, see [[#Toxicity and harm potential for dangerous inhalants|Toxicity and harm potential for toxic inhalants]]'''