6-APB: Difference between revisions

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'''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' and '''"Benzofury"''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].

6-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Monte, A. P.)), ((Marona-Lewicka, D.)), ((Cozzi, N. V.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine | volume=36 | issue=23 | pages=3700–3706 | date= November 1993 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00075a027 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00075a027}}</ref> However, ~~it did not come into popular~~ recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research ~~chemicals~~ market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}

6-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Monte, A. P.)), ((Marona-Lewicka, D.)), ((Cozzi, N. V.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine | volume=36 | issue=23 | pages=3700–3706 | date= November 1993 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00075a027 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00075a027}}</ref>

However, recreational human use was not documented until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global [[research chemical]] market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}

[[Subjective effects]] include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]]. 6-APB's effects are commonly compared to those of [[MDA]] and other entactogens.

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The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing debate. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.

As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref name="Elangbam2010"/><ref name="Droogmans2007"/>

As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref name="Elangbam2010" /><ref name="Droogmans2007" />

===Tolerance and addiction potential===

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*'''Australia and New Zealand''': Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.{{citation needed}}

*'''Canada''': 6-APB is Schedule III in Canada as it is an analogue of MDA. The CDSA was updated as a result of the Safe Streets Act changing amphetamines from Schedule 3 to Schedule 1.{{citation needed}}

*'''Czech Republic''': 6-APB is a Schedule I <ref>https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf</ref> (List 4) substance. It may be used for research and restricted therapeutic purposes. (§ 1, d), 1. of ''Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.'') <ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463</ref>

*'''France''': 6-APB is classified as a narcotic since May 9, 2018, alongside other substances derived from benzofuran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043529751|title=Article Annexe IV - Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants|publisher=Légifrance|access-date=September 23, 2022|language=fr}}</ref>

*'''Germany''': 6-APB is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl113s2274.pdf%27%5D|title=Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref>

*'''Italy''': 6-APB is illegal in Italy.<ref>http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>

*'''Japan''': 6-APB is a controlled substance in Japan effective December 17th, 2012.<ref>[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/scheduled-drug/new.html "平成２４年１２月１７日付けで以下の８物質が指定薬物に指定されました。"] (in Japanese). 厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]. Retrieved May 2, 2022.</ref>

*'''Luxembourg:''' 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances<ref>Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. | http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/1973/02/19/n1/jo</ref>. Therefore, it is still a legal substance.

*'''The Netherlands:''' 6-APB is a controlled substance as of July 1, 2025. <ref>{{Citation|title= Bepaalde groepen designerdrugs (ook wel nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen) zijn sinds 1 juli 2025 verboden. Deze stoffen zijn schadelijk. Gebruikers kunnen er gezondheidsproblemen van krijgen en er zelfs door overlijden. | year=2025|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/drugs/verbod-op-designerdrugs}}</ref>

*'''Sweden''': 6-APB is prohibited in Sweden as a "health hazard" as of 2009.{{citation needed}}

*'''Switzerland''': 6-APB is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>

*'''Turkey:''' 6-APB is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref>

*'''United Kingdom''': On June 10, 2013, 6-APB and some analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the U.K. following an ACMD recommendation. On March 5, 2014, the U.K. Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref name="UK1971Act"/>

*'''United Kingdom''': On June 10, 2013, 6-APB and some analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the U.K. following an ACMD recommendation. On March 5, 2014, the U.K. Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref name="UK1971Act" />

*'''United States''': 6-APB is unscheduled in the United States, but not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for human consumption.

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*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/6_apb/ 6-APB (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2358 6-APB (Isomer Design)]

*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/6-APB 6-APB (Drugs-Forum)]

*[https://www.mdmawiki.org/ MDMA Wiki]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran''' (also known as '''6-APB''' and '''"Benzofury"''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzofuran]] class. It is structurally related to entactogens like [[MDA]], [[MDMA]], [[5-APB]], and [[5-MAPB]].
--APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Monte, A. P.)), ((Marona-Lewicka, D.)), ((Cozzi, N. V.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine | volume=36 | issue=23 | pages=3700–3706 | date= November 1993 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00075a027 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00075a027}}</ref> However, it did not come into popular recreational use until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global research chemicals market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}
+-APB was first synthesized in 1993 by [[David E. Nichols]] as a potential non-neurotoxic alternative to [[MDMA]].<ref name="Nichols">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Monte, A. P.)), ((Marona-Lewicka, D.)), ((Cozzi, N. V.)), ((Nichols, D. E.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine | volume=36 | issue=23 | pages=3700–3706 | date= November 1993 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00075a027 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00075a027}}</ref>
+However, recreational human use was not documented until over a decade later, where it briefly entered the rave scene and global [[research chemical]] market. It was sold along with other novel benzofuran entactogens under the name "Benzofury" before its sale and import were subsequently banned.{{citation needed}}
 [[Subjective effects]] include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], and [[euphoria]]. 6-APB's effects are commonly compared to those of [[MDA]] and other entactogens.
@@ Line 211: / Line 212: @@
 The neurotoxicity of 6-APB is subject to ongoing debate. It was specifically designed to be less neurotoxic than MDA or MDMA by circumventing the production of certain metabolic byproducts thought to underlie their toxicity (specifically alpha-methyl-dopamine).{{Citation needed}} Although it is likely to be physically safe to try in a responsible context, it is completely possible that the administration of repeated or high dosages of 6-APB could result in neurotoxicity in some form, presenting as deficits in cognitive, affective and psychomotor function.
-As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref name="Elangbam2010"/><ref name="Droogmans2007"/>
+As with MDMA, the long-term, heavy usage of 6-APB (i.e. regular daily or weekly usage) is likely cardiotoxic and may lead to valvulopathy (heart valve issues) via its significant affinity for the 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor.<ref name="Elangbam2010" /><ref name="Droogmans2007" />
 ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
@@ Line 233: / Line 234: @@
 *'''Australia and New Zealand''': Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.{{citation needed}}
 *'''Canada''': 6-APB is Schedule III in Canada as it is an analogue of MDA. The CDSA was updated as a result of the Safe Streets Act changing amphetamines from Schedule 3 to Schedule 1.{{citation needed}}
+*'''Czech Republic''': 6-APB is a Schedule I <ref>https://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf</ref> (List 4) substance. It may be used for research and restricted therapeutic purposes. (§ 1, d), 1. of ''Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb.'') <ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463</ref>
+*'''France''': 6-APB is classified as a narcotic since May 9, 2018, alongside other substances derived from benzofuran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043529751|title=Article Annexe IV - Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants|publisher=Légifrance|access-date=September 23, 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
 *'''Germany''': 6-APB is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl113s2274.pdf%27%5D|title=Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
 *'''Italy''': 6-APB is illegal in Italy.<ref>http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>
 *'''Japan''': 6-APB is a controlled substance in Japan effective December 17th, 2012.<ref>[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/scheduled-drug/new.html "平成２４年１２月１７日付けで以下の８物質が指定薬物に指定されました。"] (in Japanese). 厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]. Retrieved May 2, 2022.</ref>
 *'''Luxembourg:''' 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances<ref>Loi du 19 février 1973 concernant la vente de substances médicamenteuses et la lutte contre la toxicomanie. | http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/1973/02/19/n1/jo</ref>. Therefore, it is still a legal substance.
+*'''The Netherlands:''' 6-APB is a controlled substance as of July 1, 2025. <ref>{{Citation|title= Bepaalde groepen designerdrugs (ook wel nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen) zijn sinds 1 juli 2025 verboden. Deze stoffen zijn schadelijk. Gebruikers kunnen er gezondheidsproblemen van krijgen en er zelfs door overlijden. | year=2025|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/drugs/verbod-op-designerdrugs}}</ref>
 *'''Sweden''': 6-APB is prohibited in Sweden as a "health hazard" as of 2009.{{citation needed}}
 *'''Switzerland''': 6-APB is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
 *'''Turkey:''' 6-APB is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref>
-*'''United Kingdom''': On June 10, 2013, 6-APB and some analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the U.K. following an ACMD recommendation. On March 5, 2014, the U.K. Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref name="UK1971Act"/>
+*'''United Kingdom''': On June 10, 2013, 6-APB and some analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the U.K. following an ACMD recommendation. On March 5, 2014, the U.K. Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.<ref name="UK1971Act" />
 *'''United States''': 6-APB is unscheduled in the United States, but not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for human consumption.
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 *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/6_apb/ 6-APB (Erowid Vault)]
 *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2358 6-APB (Isomer Design)]
+*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/6-APB 6-APB (Drugs-Forum)]
 *[https://www.mdmawiki.org/ MDMA Wiki]