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'''Lysergic acid amide''' (also known as '''ergine''', '''d-lysergic acid amide''', '''d-lysergamide''', and '''LSA''') is a [[naturally-occurring]] [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::lysergamide]] class.  
'''Lysergic acid amide''' (also known as '''ergine''', '''d-lysergic acid amide''', '''d-lysergamide''', and '''LSA''') is a [[naturally-occurring]] [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::lysergamide]] class.  
LSA is an ergot [[alkaloid]] and the main psychoactive constituent of [[LSA#Morning_glory_seeds_.28MGS.29|morning glory seeds]] and [[LSA#Hawaiian_baby_woodrose_seeds_.28HBWR.29|Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds]].{{citation needed}}  
LSA is an ergot [[alkaloid]] and the main psychoactive constituent of [[morning glory]] seeds.{{citation needed}}  
LSA is chemically related to [[LSD]] and supposedly produces similar effects, although the extent to which this is true is unclear.
LSA is chemically related to [[LSD]] and is said to produce similar effects, although the extent to which it does is unclear.


LSA was first described in 1932 as part of an investigation into the alkaloids found in ergot, a grain fungus.<ref>Smith, S., & Timmis, G. M. (1932). 98. The alkaloids of ergot. Part III. Ergine, a new base obtained by the degradation of ergotoxine and ergotinine. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), 763-766.</ref>  
LSA was first described in 1932 as part of an investigation into the alkaloids found in ergot.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Sydney|last2=Timmis|first2=Geoffrey M.|title=The alkaloids of ergot. Part III. Ergine, a new base obtained by the degradation of ergotoxine and ergotinine|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)|year=1932|issue=98|edition=1932|pages=763-766|doi=10.1039/JR9320000763}}</ref> In 1947, it was synthesized and tested for human activity by [[Albert Hofmann]]. The [[intramuscular]] administration of a 500 microgram dose produced a "tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts."<ref name="TiKHAL">{{cite book|title=TiHKAL: The Continuation|title-link=TiHKAL|last1=Shulgin|first1=Alexander|last2=Shulgin|first2=Ann|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|year=1997|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0-9630096-9-9|oclc=38503252|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml|chapter=#26. LSD-25}}</ref>
In 1947, it was synthesized and tested for human activity by [[Albert Hofmann]]. The [[intramuscular]] administration of a 500 microgram dose produced a "tired, dreamy state with an inability to maintain clear thoughts."<ref>#26. LSD-25 (LA-111, ergine, d-lysergamide) - TIHKAL | http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal26.shtml</ref>  
In 1970, LSA was detected as a constituent in Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds, which were being ground up into capsules and sold on the street as "mescaline".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Michael D.|title=Isolation and Identification of Lysergic Acid Amide and Isolysergic Acid Amide as the Principal Ergoline Alkaloids in ''Argyreia nervosa'', a Tropical Wood Rose|journal=Journal of the AOAC|year=1970|volume=53|issue=1|pages=123-128|issn=1060-3271|url=https://chemistry.mdma.ch/hiveboard/rhodium/pdf/forensic/lsa.hbwr.jaoac.pdf}}</ref> Today, LSA is typically consumed via [[LSA#Morning_glory_seeds_.28MGS.29|morning glory]] and [[LSA#Hawaiian_baby_woodrose_seeds_.28HBWR.29|Hawaiian baby woodrose]] seeds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Borsutzky|first1=M.|last2=Passie|first2=T.|last3=Paetzold|first3=W.|last4=Schneider|first4=U.|title=Hawaiian baby woodrose: (Psycho-) Pharmacological effects of the seeds of Argyreia nervosa. A case-orientated demonstration|journal=Der Nervenarzt|issn=0028-2804|doi=10.1007/s00115-002-1374-4|pmid=12215884|year=2002|volume=73|issue=9|pages=892-896}}</ref>
In 1970, LSA was detected as a constituent in Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds, which were being ground up into capsules and sold on the street as "mescaline".<ref>Miller, M. D. (1970). Isolation and identification of lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide as the principal ergoline alkaloids in Argyreia nervosa, a tropical wood rose. J AOAC, 53(1), 123-128.</ref>  
Today, LSA is typically consumed via [[LSA#Morning_glory_seeds_.28MGS.29|morning glory]] and [[LSA#Hawaiian_baby_woodrose_seeds_.28HBWR.29|Hawaiian baby woodrose]] seeds, both of which are legally obtainable in gardening stores.<ref>Borsutzky, M., Passie, T., Paetzold, W., Emrich, H. M., & Schneider, U. (2002). Hawaiian baby woodrose:(Psycho-) pharmacological effects of the seeds of Argyreia nervosa. A case-orientated demonstration. Der Nervenarzt, 73(9), 892-896.</ref>


User reports describe the effects of LSA as primarily sedating and dream-like, with a mild to moderate psychedelic component. The psychedelic effects of LSA occur inconsistently and are not directly comparable to the effects of classical psychedelics like [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], or [[mescaline]]. LSA is described as primarily bodily and cognitive with little visual effects. Many users report serious [[nausea]] and bodily discomfort ("body load") when taking LSA-containing seeds.  
User reports describe the effects of LSA as primarily sedating and dream-like, with a mild to moderate psychedelic component. The psychedelic effects of LSA occur inconsistently and are not directly comparable to the effects of classical psychedelics like [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], or [[mescaline]]. LSA is described as primarily bodily and cognitive with little visual effects. Many users report serious [[nausea]] and bodily discomfort ("body load") when taking LSA-containing seeds.  


Like other psychedelics, LSA is not considered to be addictive.<ref>Lüscher, C., & Ungless, M. A. (2006). The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs, 3(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437</ref> However, adverse reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly among those who are predisposed to psychiatric disorders.<ref>Strassman, R. J. (1984). Adverse Reactions to Psychedelic Drugs: A Review of the Literature. ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'', 172(10), 577-595. PMID: 6384428</ref> It is therefore highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.  
Like other [[psychedelics]], LSA is not considered to be addictive.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lüscher|first1=Christian|last2=Ungless|first2=Mark A.|title=The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs|year=2006|journal=PLOS Medicine|volume=3|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437|pmid=17105338|issn=1549-1277}}</ref> However, adverse reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly among those who are predisposed to psychiatric disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> It is therefore highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.  


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
LSA, or d-lysergic acid amide, is an organic alkaloid belonging to the [[lysergamide]] class. The chemical structure of LSA contains a core structure of lysergic acid with an amine functional group bound to R<sub>N</sub>. The structure of lysergic acid is composed of a bicyclic hexahydroindole fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid). At carbon 8 of the quinoline, an acetamide group is bound. LSA is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group.  
LSA, or d-lysergic acid amide, is an organic [[alkaloid]] belonging to the [[lysergamide]] class. The chemical structure of LSA contains a core structure of lysergic acid with an amine functional group bound to R<sub>N</sub>. The structure of lysergic acid is composed of a bicyclic hexahydroindole fused to a bicyclic quinoline group (lysergic acid). At carbon 8 of the quinoline, an acetamide group is bound. LSA is additionally substituted at carbon 6 with a methyl group.  


LSA is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R<sub>5</sub> and R<sub>8</sub>. LSA, also called (+)-D-LSA, has an absolute configuration of (5''R'', 8''R''). The three other stereoisomers of LSA do not have psychoactive properties. LSA is structurally analogous to LSD, with the exception being that LSA lacks the diethyl substitution of LSD at R<sub>N</sub> of its carboxamide group. It can be used as a precursor to LSD.
LSA is a chiral compound with two stereocenters at R<sub>5</sub> and R<sub>8</sub>. LSA, also called (+)-D-LSA, has an absolute configuration of (5''R'', 8''R''). The three other stereoisomers of LSA do not have psychoactive properties. LSA is structurally analogous to [[LSD]], with the exception being that LSA lacks the diethyl substitution of LSD at R<sub>N</sub> of its carboxamide group. It can be used as a precursor to LSD.


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
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*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''{{citation needed}} - LSA is commonly reported to produce strong and pronounced feelings of vasoconstriction. This varies in its intensity between individuals but is often considered moderately to extremely uncomfortable in comparison to other [[psychedelics]]. This effect is commonly reported to cause joint and limb pains.
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''{{citation needed}} - LSA is commonly reported to produce strong and pronounced feelings of vasoconstriction. This varies in its intensity between individuals but is often considered moderately to extremely uncomfortable in comparison to other [[psychedelics]]. This effect is commonly reported to cause joint and limb pains.
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' or '''[[Effect::Decreased blood pressure]]'''{{citation needed}} - LSA has been reported as being capable of producing both an increase and a decrease in blood pressure, sometimes alternating at different points in the experience, such as during the [[come up]] or [[offset]], although it is unclear how much of this is dependent on the seeds and variations in alkaloid contents.   
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' or '''[[Effect::Decreased blood pressure]]'''{{citation needed}} - LSA has been reported as being capable of producing both an increase and a decrease in blood pressure, sometimes alternating at different points in the experience, such as during the [[come up]] or [[offset]], although it is unclear how much of this is dependent on the seeds and variations in [[alkaloid]] contents.   
*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]''' & '''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]''' & '''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle spasms]]'''
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====Hallucinatory states====
====Hallucinatory states====
LSA produces a full range of high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is very consistent when taken in large doses (although this may increase the physical side effects it produces to a highly uncomfortable level). These states include:
LSA is capable of consistently producing a full range of high-level hallucinatory states when it is taken in large doses. However, the doses required to achieve these states are likely to produce very uncomfortable, and potentially dangerous, side effects. These states include:
   
   
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' - These are extremely common within LSA and partially follow the content of the user's current thought process.
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' - These are extremely common within LSA and partially follow the content of the user's current thought process.
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*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - Listening to music can strongly intensify the overall experience.
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - Listening to music can strongly intensify the overall experience.
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]''' - This effect is usually mild
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]''' - Mild compared to language suppression on classical psychedelics like [[LSD]].
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' - This effect is less common and reproducible than it is with [[LSD]] and other "classical psychedelics".  
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' - This effect is less common and reproducible than it is with classical psychedelics like [[LSD]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], and [[mescaline]].  
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]


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}}
}}
===Combination effects===
===Combination effects===
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis powerfully extends and intensifies both the sensory and cognitive effects of LSA. These substances should be combined with extreme caution as it has been well-observed that they amplify the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk each possess. Those who choose to use this combination are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take at least 20-minute breaks between hits in order to avoid a spiraling negative reaction.
 
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - Dissociatives greatly enhance the cognitive, visuals and general hallucinatory effects of LSA. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of LSA have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone, as well as more intense [[internal hallucinations]], and corresponding [[confusion]] which can spontaneously manifest as [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]].  
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis can immensely intensify the sensory and cognitive effects of LSA. Extreme caution is advised when mixing these substances as it can significantly increase the chances of a negative psychological reaction like [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]]. Those who use this combination are advised to start off with only a fraction of their usual cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits in order to avoid a negative reaction.
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - This combination is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. This combination is, however, reasonably safe in low doses and can often "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines, albeit in a more physically draining way.  
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - Dissociatives greatly enhance the cognitive, visuals and general hallucinatory effects of LSA. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of LSA have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone, as well as more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and correspondingly increased risk of [[confusion]], [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]].
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of an LSA trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to the very high addictive potential that benzodiazepines possess.
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol's central depressant effects can be used to reduce some of the anxiety and tension produced by LSA. However, alcohol can cause [[dehydration]], [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can significantly worsen the experience. If using alcohol, it is advised to pace oneself and drink just a fraction of the usual amount.
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Depending on the dose, benzodiazepines can slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of an LSA trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose as they are very easy to abuse.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.


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{{#ask: [[Category:LSA]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask: [[Category:LSA]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
Additional experience reports can be found here:
Additional experience reports can be found here:
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_LSA.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: LSA]
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_LSA.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: LSA]


==Natural plant sources==
==Natural plant sources==
Although LSA is illegal in some countries, various seeds which contain it are readily available in many gardening stores. However, the seeds from commercial sources are often coated in some form of pesticide or methylmercury which can result in extreme nausea and body load if ingested. Methods for cleaning or de-coating the seeds are available, but are typically ineffective. The types of seeds listed below are can be purchased online without pesticide coatings.
{{main|Morning glory}}
Although LSA is illegal in some countries, various seeds which contain it are readily available in many gardening stores. However, the seeds from commercial sources are often coated in some form of seed treatment or fungicide which can result in extreme nausea, bodily discomfort, or (in the case of organomercury compounds) long-term neurological damage and cognitive impairment if ingested. Methods for cleaning or de-coating the seeds are available, but are typically ineffective (organomercury compounds penetrate the entire seed). Therefore it is important to only purchase untreated seeds from reliable, trusted vendors. Heavy metal testing kits can be purchased online to test seed extracts for mercury content prior to ingestion.


===Morning glory seeds (MGS)===
===Morning glory seeds (MGS)===
{{main|Ipomoea tricolor (botany)}}
{{main|Ipomoea tricolor (botany)}}
[[File:Lsa_-_morning_glory_seedsgck.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Morning glory seeds]]
[[File:Lsa_-_morning_glory_seedsgck.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Morning glory seeds]]
The seeds of many species of morning glory are known to contain [[lysergamide]] [[alkaloids]] such LSA.<ref>http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1165951</ref>
The seeds of many species of morning glory are known to contain [[lysergamide]] [[alkaloids]] such as LSA.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ingram Jr.|first1=Albert L.|title=Morning Glory Seed Reaction|year=1964|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1964.03070260045019|volume=190|issue=13|pages=1133–1134}}</ref> Typical oral doses of morning glory seeds are as follows:


When using morning glory seeds, the doses for oral consumption are generally considered to be:
*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Oral threshold dose::20]] - 50 seeds / 1.5 g''
*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Oral threshold dose::20]] - 50 seeds / 1.5 g''
*'''Light:''' ''[[Oral min light dose::50]] - [[Oral max light dose::100]] [[Oral dose units::seeds]] / 1.5 - 3 g''
*'''Light:''' ''[[Oral min light dose::50]] - [[Oral max light dose::100]] [[Oral dose units::seeds]] / 1.5 - 3 g''
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{{main|Argyreia nervosa (botany)}}
{{main|Argyreia nervosa (botany)}}
[[File:Hawaiin_baby_woodrose.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds]]
[[File:Hawaiin_baby_woodrose.jpg|thumb|right|upright|200px|Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds]]
Hawaiian baby woodrose is a perennial climbing vine that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has since been introduced to numerous areas worldwide including Hawaii, Africa and the Caribbean. Its seeds may be consumed for their various [[lysergamide|lysergamide alkaloids]] such as LSA.<ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073809004745</ref>  
Hawaiian baby woodrose is a perennial climbing vine that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has since been introduced to numerous areas worldwide including Hawaii, Africa and the Caribbean. Its seeds may be consumed for their various [[lysergamide|lysergamide alkaloids]] such as LSA.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Klinke|first1=Helene B.|last2=Müller|last3=Steffenrud|first3=S.|last4=Dahl-Sørensen|first4=R.|title=Two cases of lysergamide intoxication by ingestion of seeds from Hawaiian Baby Woodrose|year=2010|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=197|issue=1–3|pages=e1-e5|issn=0379-0738|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.017}}</ref> Typical oral doses for Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds are as follows:
 
When using Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds, the doses for oral consumption are generally considered to be:


*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Sublingual threshold dose::1]] - 3 [[Sublingual dose units::seeds]]''
*'''Threshold:''' ''[[Sublingual threshold dose::1]] - 3 [[Sublingual dose units::seeds]]''
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===Preparation methods===
===Preparation methods===
Preparation methods for this compound within our [[tutorial index]] include:
LSA containing seeds can be prepared using a number of methods. Some of these methods are listed in our [[tutorial index]] and include:
* [[Simple LSA extraction]]
 
* [[Tincture of extracted LSA]]
*[[Simple LSA extraction]]
* [[Low dose LSA Cold Water Extraction (CWE)]]
*[[Tincture of extracted LSA]]
*[[Low dose LSA Cold Water Extraction (CWE)]]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
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===Vasoconstriction===
===Vasoconstriction===
LSA should not be used regularly for long periods of time. When used repeatedly over a short period of time, LSA's [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictive]] effects build up while the psychoactive effects get weaker. A common sign of vasoconstriction build up can be described as a feeling of painful or uncomfortable legs.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128853</ref> This happens as a result of an insufficient amount of blood getting to the muscles. The upper leg muscles are the largest, most energy consuming muscles in the body and will feel sore if blood flow to them is lowered even slightly.<ref>http://animalsci.highwire.org/content/84/11/3167.short</ref>
LSA should not be used regularly for long periods of time. When used repeatedly over a short period of time, LSA's [[vasoconstriction|vasoconstrictive]] effects build up while the psychoactive effects get weaker. A common sign of vasoconstriction build up can be described as a feeling of painful or uncomfortable legs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iemitsu|first1=M.|last2=Itoh|first2=M.|last3=Fujimoto|first3=T.|last4=Tashiro|first4=M.|last5=Nagatomi|first5=R.|last6=Ohmori|first6=H.|last7=Ishii|first7=K.|journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise|year=2000|title=Whole-body energy mapping under physical exercise using positron emission tomography|volume=32|issue=12|pages=2067-2070|issn=0195-9131|pmid=11128853|doi=10.1097/00005768-200012000-00016}}</ref> This happens as a result of an insufficient amount of blood getting to the muscles. The upper leg muscles are the largest, most energy consuming muscles in the body and will feel sore if blood flow to them is lowered even slightly.


When HBWR, morning glory seeds or pure LSA seeds are consumed and sore legs are experienced, a break has been reported to be helpful. With LSA it can take up to 3 days of abstinence to get back to vasoconstriction baseline.
When HBWR, morning glory seeds or pure LSA seeds are consumed and sore legs are experienced, a break has been reported to be helpful. With LSA it can take up to 3 days of abstinence to get back to vasoconstriction baseline.


===Dependence and abuse potential===
===Dependence and abuse potential===
LSA is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]]. There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSA, an animal model predictive of abuse liability, indicating that it does not possess the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.<ref name="hallucinogens" /> There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when use is stopped.  
LSA is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low abuse potential]]. There are no literature reports of successful attempts to train animals to self-administer LSA, an animal model predictive of abuse liability, indicating that it does not possess the necessary pharmacology to either initiate or maintain dependence.{{citation needed}} There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when use is stopped.  


Tolerance to the effects of LSA forms [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] for the tolerance to return to baseline (in the absence of further consumption). LSD produces cross-tolerance with all [[psychedelic]]s, meaning that after the use of LSA all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to the effects of LSA forms [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] for the tolerance to return to baseline (in the absence of further consumption). LSA produces cross-tolerance with all [[psychedelic]]s, meaning that after the use of LSA all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Psychedelics}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable [[anxiety]], [[Panic attacks|panic]], [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.{{citation needed}}
*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. A large body of reports indicate that it can highly elevate risk of seizures and psychosis when combined with psychedelics, possibly due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}}


===Other interactions===
===Other interactions===
*'''[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs)''' - SSRIs are reported to suppress the visual and cognitive effects of LSA.
*'''[[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs)''' - SSRIs are reported to suppress the visual and cognitive effects of LSA.
*'''[[MAOIs]]''' - MAO inhibitors, such as passionflower and [[syrian rue]] potentiate the visual and introspective effects of psychedelics. It is advised to take caution when combining [[MAOI]]s with psychedelics because they can increase the chance of having a [[bad trip]] and may [[MAOI#Interactions|dangerously interact]] with other substances, such as [[SSRIs]] and [[stimulants]], as well as some psychedelics such as [[MDA]].
*'''[[MAOIs]]''' - MAO inhibitors, such as passionflower and [[syrian rue]] potentiate the visual and introspective effects of psychedelics. It is advised to take caution when combining [[MAOI]]s with psychedelics because they can increase the chance of having a [[bad trip]] and may [[MAOI#Interactions|dangerously interact]] with other substances, such as [[SSRIs]] and [[stimulants]], as well as some psychedelics such as [[MDA]].


==Legal status==
==Legal status==
*'''Australia:''' LSA is illegal to produce, sell, and consume in Australia.{{citation needed}}
 
*'''Austria:''' LSA containing seeds are not regulated, thus are legal to possess, produce and sell.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia''': LSA is illegal to produce, sell, and consume in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Latvia:''' LSA itself is controlled as a structural analog of LSD. However, there is no information about LSA-containing seeds. In Latvia, plants are only illegal if they contain Schedule I controlled substances and LSA is not a Schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''Austria''': LSA containing seeds are not regulated, thus are legal to possess, produce and sell.{{citation needed}}
*'''The Netherlands:''' LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''Germany''': LSA is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s1083.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2019 Teil I Nr. 27|pages=1083-1094|publication-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Plant parts containing LSA are not covered by the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__2.html|title=§ 2 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''Latvia''': LSA itself is controlled as a structural analog of LSD. However, there is no information about LSA-containing seeds. In Latvia, plants are only illegal if they contain Schedule I controlled substances and LSA is not a Schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref>
*'''Sweden:''' LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess.{{citation needed}}
*'''The Netherlands''': LSA is illegal. However, Hawaiian Baby Woodrose and Morning Glory seeds are not illegal to consume, sell or posses, like other entheogens.{{citation needed}}
*'''Turkey:''' LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''New Zealand''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom:''' LSA is a Class A drug and categorized as a precursor to [[LSD]].{{citation needed}}
*'''Sweden''': LSA is being researched by health authorities and there is a risk in near future for LSA to become illegal. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/livsvillkor-levnadsvanor/andts/vad-vi-gor-inom-andts/narkotika-och-halsofarliga-varor/substanser-under-utredning/|publisher=Folkhälsomyndigheten |access-date=August 15, 2020|language=sv|publication-date=June 17, 2020|title=Substanser under utredning/ yttranden}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' As a precursor to LSD, LSA is a DEA Schedule III drug.{{citation needed}} However, seeds containing LSA can be purchased legally on the internet and from gardening stores.
*'''Switzerland''': As a chemical, LSA can be considered a controlled substance as a defined derivative of Lysergic Acid under Verzeichnis E point 263. It is legal when used for scientific or industrial use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>. Plant matter is not illegal.
*'''Türkiye''': LSA is illegal to consume, sell, and possess. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf|publisher=Resmi Gazete |access-date=January 16, 2020|language=tr|publication-date=December 16, 2013|title=Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742}}</ref> The plants and seeds of morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy and distribute.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom''': LSA is a Class A controlled substance and categorized as a precursor to [[LSD]].{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''': As a precursor to LSD, LSA is a DEA Schedule III controlled substance.{{citation needed}} However, seeds containing LSA can be purchased legally on the internet and from gardening stores.
*'''Poland''': ''Argyreia nervosa'' (Hawaiian baby woodrose) and ''Rivea corymbosa'' are illegal (I-N) with penalty for posession of up to 3 years in prison. LSA itself is covered by analogue law (VI-NPS) and therefore illegal with posession punishable by fine. Morning glory seeds are legal and openly sold in gargening shops.<ref>[https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20240001139 Announcement of the Minister of Health of 17 June 2024 on the announcement of the uniform text of the regulation of the Minister of Health on the list of psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs and new psychoactive substances]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Entheogens]]
*[[Entheogens]]
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine LSA (Wikipedia)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergine LSA (Wikipedia)]
*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsa/lsa.shtml LSA (Erowid Vault)]
*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsa/lsa.shtml LSA (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=5309 LSA (Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=5309 LSA (Isomer Design)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/LSA LSA (Drugs-Forum)]
===Discussion===
===Discussion===
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/373027-The-Big-amp-Dandy-HBWR-MGS-LSA-Thread-Second-Iteration The Big & Dandy LSA Thread - Second Iteration (Bluelight)]
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/373027-The-Big-amp-Dandy-HBWR-MGS-LSA-Thread-Second-Iteration The Big & Dandy LSA Thread - Second Iteration (Bluelight)]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references />
 
[[Category:Alkaloid]]
[[Category:Lysergamide]]
[[Category:Lysergamide]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Psychedelic]]
[[Category:Hallucinogen]]
[[Category:Entheogen]]
[[Category:Entheogen]]


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