Melatonin: Difference between revisions

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'''N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine''' (also known as '''melatonin'''<ref>{{Citation | title=Sleepdex: Melatonin |url=http://www.sleepdex.org/melatonin.htm}}</ref>) is a hormone of the [[chemical class::tryptamine]] class. It is found in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In animals, it functions as a hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hardeland, R.)), ((Pandi-Perumal, S. R.)), ((Cardinali, D. P.)) | journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | title=Melatonin | volume=38 | issue=3 | pages=313–316 | date= March 2006 | issn=1357-2725 | doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020}}</ref> it may have different functions in other organisms.

Melatonin is active and can be taken [[sublingually]] and [[~~buccaly~~]] by placing it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes. It is less active when taken [[orally]].

Melatonin is active and can be taken [[sublingually]] and [[buccally]] by placing it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes. It is less active when taken [[orally]].

Melatonin is commonly used as a medication for insomnia; however, there is insufficient scientific evidence to prove any benefit in this area.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Brasure, M.)), ((MacDonald, R.)), ((Fuchs, E.)), ((Olson, C. M.)), ((Carlyle, M.)), ((Diem, S.)), ((Koffel, E.)), ((Khawaja, I. S.)), ((Ouellette, J.)), ((Butler, M.)), ((Kane, R. L.)), ((Wilt, T. J.)) | date= 2015 | title=Management of Insomnia Disorder | publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) | series=AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343503/}}</ref> It is sold over-the-counter in most pharmacies within the United States and Canada. In other countries, it may require a prescription or not be available.

It should be noted that when purchasing melatonin, dosages may range from 3 - 10mg. While not dangerous, this dosage range is well beyond the effective dose of .25 mg, and may increase instances of drowsiness the next day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mundey, K.)), ((Benloucif, S.)), ((Harsanyi, K.)), ((Dubocovich, M. L.)), ((Zee, P. C.)) | journal=Sleep | title=Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin | volume=28 | issue=10 | pages=1271–1278 | date= October 2005 | issn=0161-8105 | doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1271}}</ref> In the United States, some melatonin gummy supplements have varied from 74% to 374% of the stated amount.<ref>Cohen, P. A., Avula, B., Wang, Y., Katragunta, K., & Khan, I. (2023). Quantity of melatonin and CBD in melatonin gummies sold in the US. ''JAMA'', ''329''(16), 1401. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.2296 10.1001/jama.2023.2296]. <br /></ref>

It should be noted that when purchasing melatonin, dosages may range from 3 - 10mg. While not dangerous, this dosage range is well beyond the effective dose of .25 mg, and may increase instances of drowsiness the next day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mundey, K.)), ((Benloucif, S.)), ((Harsanyi, K.)), ((Dubocovich, M. L.)), ((Zee, P. C.)) | journal=Sleep | title=Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin | volume=28 | issue=10 | pages=1271–1278 | date= October 2005 | issn=0161-8105 | doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1271}}</ref>

==Chemistry==

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==Subjective effects==

{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|

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*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' - Regarding its effects on the user's physical energy levels, melatonin is commonly considered to facilitate sleepiness. It is often used and sold as a sleep aid and mimics one's natural circadian cycle.

*'''[[Effect::Anxiety ~~Suppression~~ or Anxiety]]''' - Although this substance decreases anxiety with most people, it can also cause anxiety by some.

*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]] or [[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - Although this substance decreases anxiety with most people, it can also cause anxiety by some.

*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Melatonin is ~~extremely~~ effective at increasing the duration, occurrence, and vividness of dreams. It is ~~very~~ common for people to note that their dreams had noticeably increased the morning after ingesting melatonin as a sleep aid. Melatonin is sometimes used to increase the chances of lucid dreaming.

*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Melatonin is effective at increasing the duration, occurrence, and vividness of dreams. It is common for people to note that their dreams had noticeably increased the morning after ingesting melatonin as a sleep aid. Melatonin is sometimes used to increase the chances of lucid dreaming.

*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]''' - Depersonalization can present itself upon the come-up and persist well into the next day if the user has ingested a massive dose.

*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' Irritability is only present at high dosages when the user resists the urge to sleep.

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**in modified release tablets containing 2 mg or less of melatonin for monotherapy for the short term treatment of primary insomnia characterised by poor quality of sleep for adults aged 55 or over, in packs containing not more than 30 tablets.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=Health | title=Poisons Standard February 2022 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2022L00074/}}</ref>

*'''Canada''': Melatonin is freely available to purchase as a dietary supplement and can be found at most pharmacies and grocery stores across the country.<ref>https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=80015830</ref>

*France: Melatonin is available over the counter

*'''Germany''': Melatonin is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage 1 AMVV - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html}}</ref> It is however available as a dietary supplement in certain forms, often in low dosages or as combination preparations.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Moll, D.)) | year=2019 | title=Melatonin in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln | url=https://www.deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de/news/artikel/2019/10/22/melatonin-in-nahrungsergaenzungsmitteln}}</ref>

*'''India''': Melatonin is legal to purchase as a dietary supplement.{{citation needed}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine''' (also known as '''melatonin'''<ref>{{Citation | title=Sleepdex: Melatonin |url=http://www.sleepdex.org/melatonin.htm}}</ref>) is a hormone of the [[chemical class::tryptamine]] class. It is found in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. In animals, it functions as a hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hardeland, R.)), ((Pandi-Perumal, S. R.)), ((Cardinali, D. P.)) | journal=The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology | title=Melatonin | volume=38 | issue=3 | pages=313–316 | date= March 2006 | issn=1357-2725 | doi=10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.020}}</ref> it may have different functions in other organisms.
-Melatonin is active and can be taken [[sublingually]] and [[buccaly]] by placing it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes. It is less active when taken [[orally]].
+Melatonin is active and can be taken [[sublingually]] and [[buccally]] by placing it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes. It is less active when taken [[orally]].
 Melatonin is commonly used as a medication for insomnia; however, there is insufficient scientific evidence to prove any benefit in this area.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Brasure, M.)), ((MacDonald, R.)), ((Fuchs, E.)), ((Olson, C. M.)), ((Carlyle, M.)), ((Diem, S.)), ((Koffel, E.)), ((Khawaja, I. S.)), ((Ouellette, J.)), ((Butler, M.)), ((Kane, R. L.)), ((Wilt, T. J.)) | date= 2015 | title=Management of Insomnia Disorder | publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) | series=AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343503/}}</ref> It is sold over-the-counter in most pharmacies within the United States and Canada. In other countries, it may require a prescription or not be available.
-It should be noted that when purchasing melatonin, dosages may range from 3 - 10mg. While not dangerous, this dosage range is well beyond the effective dose of .25 mg, and may increase instances of drowsiness the next day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mundey, K.)), ((Benloucif, S.)), ((Harsanyi, K.)), ((Dubocovich, M. L.)), ((Zee, P. C.)) | journal=Sleep | title=Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin | volume=28 | issue=10 | pages=1271–1278 | date= October 2005 | issn=0161-8105 | doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1271}}</ref> In the United States, some melatonin gummy supplements have varied from 74% to 374% of the stated amount.<ref>Cohen, P. A., Avula, B., Wang, Y., Katragunta, K., & Khan, I. (2023). Quantity of melatonin and CBD in melatonin gummies sold in the US. ''JAMA'', ''329''(16), 1401. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.2296 10.1001/jama.2023.2296]. <br /></ref>
+It should be noted that when purchasing melatonin, dosages may range from 3 - 10mg. While not dangerous, this dosage range is well beyond the effective dose of .25 mg, and may increase instances of drowsiness the next day.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mundey, K.)), ((Benloucif, S.)), ((Harsanyi, K.)), ((Dubocovich, M. L.)), ((Zee, P. C.)) | journal=Sleep | title=Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin | volume=28 | issue=10 | pages=1271–1278 | date= October 2005 | issn=0161-8105 | doi=10.1093/sleep/28.10.1271}}</ref>
 ==Chemistry==
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ==Subjective effects==
 {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
 {{effects/base
 |{{effects/physical|
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]''' - Regarding its effects on the user's physical energy levels, melatonin is commonly considered to facilitate sleepiness. It is often used and sold as a sleep aid and mimics one's natural circadian cycle.
-*'''[[Effect::Anxiety Suppression or Anxiety]]''' - Although this substance decreases anxiety with most people, it can also cause anxiety by some.
+*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]] or [[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - Although this substance decreases anxiety with most people, it can also cause anxiety by some.
-*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Melatonin is extremely effective at increasing the duration, occurrence, and vividness of dreams. It is very common for people to note that their dreams had noticeably increased the morning after ingesting melatonin as a sleep aid. Melatonin is sometimes used to increase the chances of lucid dreaming.
+*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' - Melatonin is effective at increasing the duration, occurrence, and vividness of dreams. It is common for people to note that their dreams had noticeably increased the morning after ingesting melatonin as a sleep aid. Melatonin is sometimes used to increase the chances of lucid dreaming.
 *'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]''' - Depersonalization can present itself upon the come-up and persist well into the next day if the user has ingested a massive dose.
 *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' Irritability is only present at high dosages when the user resists the urge to sleep.
@@ Line 70: / Line 71: @@
 **in modified release tablets containing 2 mg or less of melatonin for monotherapy for the short term treatment of primary insomnia characterised by poor quality of sleep for adults aged 55 or over, in packs containing not more than 30 tablets.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=Health | title=Poisons Standard February 2022 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2022L00074/}}</ref>
 *'''Canada''': Melatonin is freely available to purchase as a dietary supplement and can be found at most pharmacies and grocery stores across the country.<ref>https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=80015830</ref>
+*France: Melatonin is available over the counter
 *'''Germany''': Melatonin is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage 1 AMVV - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/anlage_1.html}}</ref> It is however available as a dietary supplement in certain forms, often in low dosages or as combination preparations.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Moll, D.)) | year=2019 | title=Melatonin in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln | url=https://www.deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de/news/artikel/2019/10/22/melatonin-in-nahrungsergaenzungsmitteln}}</ref>
 *'''India''': Melatonin is legal to purchase as a dietary supplement.{{citation needed}}