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2C-B: Difference between revisions
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'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. | '''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. | ||
It is the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]] | It is perhaps the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]], which are structurally related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although [[serotonin]] [[receptor]] binding activity is thought to be principally involved. | ||
2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who | 2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating psychedelic phenethylamines derived from [[mescaline]].<ref name="PiHKAL">{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|title-link=PiHKAL|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml|chapter=#20. 2C-B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shulgin|first1=A. T.|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|last2=Carter|first2=M. F.|title=Centrally active phenethylamines|journal=Psychopharmacology Communications|year=1975|volume=1|issue=1|pages=93–98|pmid=1223994|issn=0098-616X|oclc=924603662}}</ref> | ||
In the 1970s, it | In the 1970s, it first saw use as a therapeutic aid by a small circle of American psychotherapists and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref>{{cite web|title=2C-B: Effects|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml|publisher=Erowid|access-date=February 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2015|date=February 12, 1998}}</ref> | ||
Recreational use was observed shortly afterward and it was briefly manufactured and sold commercially under such names as "Erox" and "Nexus" in "head" / "smart" shops and adult video stores before being federally scheduled in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001">{{cite web|title=2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf|work=Information Bulletin|date=May 2001|publisher=Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)|id=2001-L0424-002}}</ref> | |||
2C-B is | [[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports have described the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, colorful, and highly sensual. Similar to [[mescaline]], it is described as possessing a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[tryptamines]] like [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], placing greater emphasis on the visual and tactile domain. | ||
Smaller doses (under 15 mg) are reported to be useful as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses are reported to produce a distinct mind-manifesting psychedelic effect. | |||
While more research is needed, it is generally thought to be physiologically well-tolerated{{Citation needed}}. It likely has a [[Psychedelics#Toxicity and harm potential|safety profile similar to classical psychedelics]], which are known to have low abuse potential and toxicity. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> | |||
It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | |||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher [[Alexander Shulgin]] | 2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of [[mescaline]]. | ||
Shulgin's findings were later published in the 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which he listed 2C-B among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref name="PiHKAL" /> The list consists of [[mescaline]], [[DOM]], 2C-B, [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]], and [[2C-T-7]].<ref>{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml}}</ref> In interviews, Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/|title=Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time|author=David Biello|date=March 20, 2008|issn=0036-8733|eissn=1946-7087|magazine=Scientific American|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | |||
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus|title=2C-B (Nexus)|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | |||
In the United States, | Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. It was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and club parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. | ||
In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legally manufactured the substance under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida in the form of yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf</ref> | |||
In the United States, it gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA after the latter was classified as a Schedule I substance in 1985. The increasing popularity of 2C-B led to it also being placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001" /> It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the [[research chemicals|"research chemicals"]]/"designer drugs" scene and darknet markets. | |||
2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=History of Nexus|website=Tacethno.com|date=March 27, 2008|access-date=May 15, 2012}}{{Dubious}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml|title=The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B|publisher=Erowid|author="Anu"|date=February 1996|access-date=October 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg|title=Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package|publisher=Erowid|year=2002|medium=Picture}}</ref> | 2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=History of Nexus|website=Tacethno.com|date=March 27, 2008|access-date=May 15, 2012}}{{Dubious}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml|title=The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B|publisher=Erowid|author="Anu"|date=February 1996|access-date=October 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg|title=Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package|publisher=Erowid|year=2002|medium=Picture}}</ref> | ||
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==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing. | *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is reported to be one of the most complex among [[psychedelics]], exhibiting aspects of [[MDMA]], [[2C-E]], and [[LSD]]. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly [[Effect::physical euphoria|euphoric]]. | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is reported to be one of the most complex among [[psychedelics]], exhibiting aspects of [[MDMA]], [[2C-E]], and [[LSD]]. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly [[Effect::physical euphoria|euphoric]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in. | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - While not as intense as stimulants such as [[MDMA]], most doses can cause a decrease in appetite. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859368/</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]'''{{citation needed}} | *'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]'''{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859368/</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''{{citation needed}} | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''{{citation needed}} | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | *'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone. | *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]] & [[Paranoia]]''' - while possible at most doses, this effect generally occurs at a considerably lower intensity compared to classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] and [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Combined with the increased bodily sensations and stimulation, 2C-B is capable of making sexual activity extremely pleasurable. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | ||
*'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter. | *'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== | ===Combination effects=== | ||
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis. | *'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis. | ||
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation, and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | ||
*'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs | *'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs are very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]]. | ||
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - | *'''[[MDMA]]''' - MDMA strongly amplifies the physical, visual, and cognitive effects of 2C-B. This combination is reported to produce strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs, headspaces and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA, based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|date=October 26, 2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptor partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|eissn=1520-6769}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B | *'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B, lending to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a manner comparable to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to blackouts and unpredictable behavior. | ||
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - | *'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Depending on the dose, benzodiazepines can slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical, and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their high abuse and addiction potential. | ||
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually. | *'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually. | ||
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*'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010: Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish|date=February 3, 2010}}</ref> | *'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010: Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish|date=February 3, 2010}}</ref> | ||
*'''Australia''': 2C-B is | *'''Australia''': 2C-B is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |url= https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |work=Federal Register of Legislation }}</ref> A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.<ref name="Poisons Standard" /> | ||
*'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtgiftverordnung|access-date=January 10, 2021|language=German|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> | *'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtgiftverordnung|access-date=January 10, 2021|language=German|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}} | *'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}} | ||
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*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=20 2C-B (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=20 2C-B (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01537 2C-B (DrugBank)] | |||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
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|R6=OCH₃ | |R6=OCH₃ | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:Aphrodisiac]] | |||