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2C-B: Difference between revisions
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{{SummarySheet}} | {{SummarySheet}} | ||
{{SubstanceBox/2C-B}} | {{SubstanceBox/2C-B}} | ||
'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. | '''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. | ||
It is perhaps the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]], which are structurally related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although [[serotonin]] [[receptor]] binding activity is thought to be principally involved. | |||
2C-B was | 2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating psychedelic phenethylamines derived from [[mescaline]].<ref name="PiHKAL">{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|title-link=PiHKAL|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml|chapter=#20. 2C-B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shulgin|first1=A. T.|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|last2=Carter|first2=M. F.|title=Centrally active phenethylamines|journal=Psychopharmacology Communications|year=1975|volume=1|issue=1|pages=93–98|pmid=1223994|issn=0098-616X|oclc=924603662}}</ref> | ||
In the 1970s, it first saw use as a therapeutic aid by a small circle of American psychotherapists and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref>{{cite web|title=2C-B: Effects|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml|publisher=Erowid|access-date=February 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2015|date=February 12, 1998}}</ref> | |||
In the 1970s, it | |||
Recreational use was observed shortly afterward and it was briefly manufactured and sold commercially under such names as "Erox" and "Nexus" in "head" / "smart" shops and adult video stores before being federally scheduled in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001">{{cite web|title=2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf|work=Information Bulletin|date=May 2001|publisher=Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)|id=2001-L0424-002}}</ref> | |||
2C-B is | [[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports have described the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, colorful, and highly sensual. Similar to [[mescaline]], it is described as possessing a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[tryptamines]] like [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], placing greater emphasis on the visual and tactile domain. | ||
Smaller doses (under 15 mg) are reported to be useful as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses are reported to produce a distinct mind-manifesting psychedelic effect. | |||
While more research is needed, it is generally thought to be physiologically well-tolerated{{Citation needed}}. It likely has a [[Psychedelics#Toxicity and harm potential|safety profile similar to classical psychedelics]], which are known to have low abuse potential and toxicity. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref> | |||
It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | |||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was | 2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of [[mescaline]]. | ||
Shulgin's findings were later published in the 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which he listed 2C-B among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref name="PiHKAL" /> The list consists of [[mescaline]], [[DOM]], 2C-B, [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]], and [[2C-T-7]].<ref>{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml}}</ref> In interviews, Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/|title=Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time|author=David Biello|date=March 20, 2008|issn=0036-8733|eissn=1946-7087|magazine=Scientific American|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | |||
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus|title=2C-B (Nexus)|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | |||
Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. It was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and club parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. | |||
In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legally manufactured the substance under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida in the form of yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf</ref> | |||
In the United States, | In the United States, it gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA after the latter was classified as a Schedule I substance in 1985. The increasing popularity of 2C-B led to it also being placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001" /> It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the [[research chemicals|"research chemicals"]]/"designer drugs" scene and darknet markets. | ||
2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title= | 2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=History of Nexus|website=Tacethno.com|date=March 27, 2008|access-date=May 15, 2012}}{{Dubious}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml|title=The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B|publisher=Erowid|author="Anu"|date=February 1996|access-date=October 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg|title=Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package|publisher=Erowid|year=2002|medium=Picture}}</ref> | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. | 2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. | ||
2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref | 2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref name="PiHKAL" /> | ||
==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
{{pharmacology}} | {{pharmacology}} | ||
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | {{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}} | ||
Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref>Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5- | Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref name="Moya2007">{{cite journal|title=Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> Receptors|first1=P. R.|last1=Moya|first2=K. A.|last2=Berg|first3=M. A.|last3=Gutiérrez-Hernandez|first4=P.|last4=Sáez-Briones|first5=M.|last5=Reyes-Parada|first6=B. K.|last6=Cassels|first7=W. P.|last7=Clarke|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|year=2007|volume=321|issue=3|pages=1054-1061|doi=10.1124/jpet.106.117507|issn=0022-3565|eissn=1521-0103|oclc=1606914|pmid=17337633}}</ref> or even full [[antagonist]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5‐HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes|volume=141|issue=7|year=2004|pages=1167-1174|first1=C. A.|last1=Villalobos|first2=P.|last2=Bull|first3=P.|last3=Sáez|first4=B. K.|last4=Cassels|first5=J. P.|last5=Huidobro‐Toro|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722|pmc=1574890|pmid=15006903|doi-access=free|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|eissn=1476-5381|issn=0007-1188|oclc=01240522}}</ref> This suggests that the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.<ref name="Moya2007" /> Research also suggests that 2C-B increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Páleníček|first1=T.|last2=Fujáková|first2=M.|last3=Brunovský|first3=M.|first4=J.|last4=Horáček|first5=I.|last5=Gorman|first6=M.|last6=Balíková|first7=L.|last7=Rambousek|first8=K.|last8=Syslová|first9=P.|last9=Kačer|first10=P.|last10=Zach|first11=V.|last11=Bubeníková-Valešová|first12=F.|last12=Tylš|first13=A.|last13=Kubešová|first14=J.|last14=Puskarčíková|first15=C.|last15=Höschl|title=Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=225|pages=75–93|year=2013|doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7|pmid=22842791|issn=0033-3158|eissn=1432-2072|oclc=2409222}}</ref> | ||
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | |||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing. | *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is | *'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is reported to be one of the most complex among [[psychedelics]], exhibiting aspects of [[MDMA]], [[2C-E]], and [[LSD]]. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly [[Effect::physical euphoria|euphoric]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in. | *'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - While not as intense as stimulants such as [[MDMA]], most doses can cause a decrease in appetite. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859368/</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]'''{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859368/</ref> | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]'''{{citation needed}} - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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====[[Effect::Geometry]]==== | ====[[Effect::Geometry]]==== | ||
The visual geometry of 2C-B is more similar in appearance to that of [[LSD]] than that of [[2C-E]], [[psilocin]], or [[ayahuasca]]. | The visual geometry of 2C-B is reported to be more similar in appearance to that of [[LSD]] than that of [[2C-E]], [[psilocin]], or [[ayahuasca]]. It can be comprehensively described as unstructured in organization, algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large, fast and smooth in motion, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp in its edges and angular in its corners. It seems high in algorithmic visuals such as fractals and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]]. | ||
====Hallucinatory states==== | ====Hallucinatory states==== | ||
Like [[LSD]], while 2C-B is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states, | Like [[LSD]], while 2C-B is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states, they are comparatively rare and inconsistent at higher levels while common at lower levels. They generally include the following effects: | ||
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | *'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone. | *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]] & [[Paranoia]]''' - while possible at most doses, this effect generally occurs at a considerably lower intensity compared to classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] and [[psilocybin mushrooms]]. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Delusion]]''' | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Combined with the increased bodily sensations and stimulation, 2C-B is capable of making sexual activity extremely pleasurable. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - | |||
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' | ||
*'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter. | *'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' | ||
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{{effects/multisensory| | {{effects/multisensory| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of | *'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of synesthesia, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states. | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{effects/transpersonal| | {{effects/transpersonal| | ||
While 2C-B has been reported as having the potential to produce transpersonal states, | While 2C-B has been reported as having the potential to produce transpersonal states, they are reported to occur less consistently or intensely than with classic psychedelics such as [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], or [[DMT]]. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]''' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
=== | ===Combination effects=== | ||
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis. | *'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis. | ||
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation, and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]]. | ||
*'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs | *'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs are very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]]. | ||
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - | *'''[[MDMA]]''' - MDMA strongly amplifies the physical, visual, and cognitive effects of 2C-B. This combination is reported to produce strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs, headspaces and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA, based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|date=October 26, 2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptor partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|eissn=1520-6769}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B | *'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B, lending to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a manner comparable to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to blackouts and unpredictable behavior. | ||
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - | *'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Depending on the dose, benzodiazepines can slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical, and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their high abuse and addiction potential. | ||
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually. | *'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually. | ||
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*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2CB.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 2C-B] | *[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2CB.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 2C-B] | ||
==Reagent results== | |||
Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Marquis | |||
!Mecke | |||
!Mandelin | |||
!Liebermann | |||
!Froehde | |||
!Robadope | |||
|- | |||
|Yellow - Green | |||
|Yellow - Olive brownish | |||
|green | |||
|Yellow - Black | |||
|Yellow - Green | |||
|Slow pink | |||
|- | |||
!Ehrlich | |||
!Hofmann | |||
!Simon’s | |||
!Scott | |||
! colspan="2" |Folin | |||
|- | |||
|No reaction | |||
|No reaction | |||
|No reaction | |||
|No reaction | |||
| colspan="2" |(Light) purple | |||
|} | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
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===Neurotoxicity=== | ===Neurotoxicity=== | ||
2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>Hondebrink | 2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hondebrink|first1=L.|first2=A.|last2=Zwartsen|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|issn=0163-7258|eissn=1879-016X|oclc=04981366|volume=182|year=2018|pages=193-224|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.022|doi-access=free|pmid=29097307|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817302723}}</ref> Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC<sub>50</sub> of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zwartsen|first1=A.|first2=L.|last2=Hondebrink|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)|journal=NeuroToxicology|volume=66|year=2018|pages=87-97|issn=0161-813X|oclc=47153737|pmid=29572046|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.007}}</ref> In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range. | ||
===Cardiac risk=== | ===Cardiac risk=== | ||
Users | Users have reported experiencing hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=9|page=206|year=2018|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00206|pmc=5859368|pmid=29593537|issn=1663-9812|doi-access=free|first1=E.|last1=Papaseit|first2=M.|last2=Farré|first3=C.|last3=Pérez-Mañá|first4=M.|last4=Torrens|first5=M.|last5=Ventura|first6=M.|last6=Pujadas|first7=R.|last7=de la Torre|first8=D.|last8=González|oclc=1198838203}}</ref> As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged. | ||
===Lethal dosage=== | ===Lethal dosage=== | ||
There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref | There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref name="PiHKAL" /> | ||
===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ||
As with other [[serotonergic psychedelic]], 2C-B is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low potential for abuse]]. | As with other [[serotonergic psychedelic]], 2C-B is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low potential for abuse]]. | ||
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B | Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B is not built almost immediately after ingestion. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row (either consecutively or by redosing many many times in a row and tripping continuously for dozens of hours) with no immediate tolerance build up and still building quite slowly even under sustained exposure. | ||
2C-B | |||
2C-B does not produce cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics, although most users report other psychedelics affecting 2C-B tolerance. For example 2C-B followed by LSD will not result in any loss of effects whereas LSD followed by 2C-B will. Others report 2C-B following a completely separate tolerance clock to other psychedelics with no cross tolerance being shared between the two, although this seems to be a rare reaction with that individual's personal body chemistry, with the aforementioned one-way tolerance being the case for the very large majority of the population. | |||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
| Line 182: | Line 223: | ||
==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B)|publisher=UNODC|access-date=December 10, 2019| | Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B) in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)|date=March 20, 2001|access-date=December 10, 2019|id=CND Dec.44/1.}}</ref> | ||
*'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010 Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> | *'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010: Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish|date=February 3, 2010}}</ref> | ||
*'''Australia''': 2C-B is | *'''Australia''': 2C-B is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |url= https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |work=Federal Register of Legislation }}</ref> A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.<ref name="Poisons Standard" /> | ||
*'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{ | *'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtgiftverordnung|access-date=January 10, 2021|language=German|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}} | *'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Brazil''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | *'''Brazil''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7|title=RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016|publication-date=December 5, 2016|publisher=Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) [Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)]|language=pt}}</ref> | ||
*'''Canada''': 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.<ref> | *'''Canada''': 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=ALL&structure=C|title=Schedule III|work=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)|publisher=Isomer Design|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*'''Croatia''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.<ref> | *'''Croatia''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Popis: Droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2016_01_10_258.html|publication-date=January 29, 2016|language=hr|work=Narodne novine|issn=1331-7725|oclc=299165185}}</ref> | ||
*'''Denmark''': 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer|access-date=December 10, 2019|language= | *'''Czech Republic''': 2-CB is a Schedule II drug.<ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463#f5150333</ref> | ||
*'''Denmark''': 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=da|id=BEK Nr. 557|date=May 31, 2011|publisher=Civilstyrelsen [Civil Agency]}}</ref> | |||
*'''Estonia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.{{citation needed}} | *'''Estonia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Finland''': Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.{{citation needed}} | *'''Finland''': Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Germany''': 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) | *'''Germany''': 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) Anlage I|trans-title=Narcotics Act (BtMG) Schedule I|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of January 31, 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl192s2483.pdf|title=Vierte Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag [Federal Gazette]|language=de|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1992 Teil I Nr. 61|page=1058|publication-date=December 31, 1992|date=December 23, 1992|eissn=0344-7634}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) § 29|trans-title=Narcotics Act (BtMG) § 29|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Italy''': 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy<ref> | *'''Italy''': 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|title=Tabella I|publisher=Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]|access-date=January 7, 2020|language=it|page=8}}</ref> | ||
*'''Japan''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''Japan''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Latvia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | *'''Latvia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref> | ||
*'''Luxembourg''': 2C-B is a prohibited substance since 2001.<ref>Règlement grand-ducal du 14 décembre 2001 modifiant l'annexe du règlement grand-ducal modifié du 4 mars 1974 concernant certaines substances toxiques. | http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2001/12/14/n10/jo</ref> | |||
*'''The Netherlands''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''The Netherlands''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Norway''': 2C-B is a Schedule II drug.{{citation needed}} | *'''Norway''': 2C-B is a Schedule II drug.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Poland''': 2C-B is | *'''Poland''': 2C-B is illegal to posses since 2015 under "Wykaz środków odurzających i substancji psychotropowych"<ref>https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B#Stan_prawny_w_Polsce</ref> | ||
*'''Russia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | *'''Russia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Spain''': 2C-B is a Category 2 drug.{{citation needed}} | *'''Spain''': 2C-B is a Category 2 drug.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Sweden''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf</ref> | *'''Sweden''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web|title=Föreskrifter om ändring i Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika|work=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling (LVFS)|oclc=185277860|publisher=Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency]|issn=1101-5225|publication-date=December 8, 2009|date=November 25, 2009|id=LVFS 2009:22|url=http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916034638/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf|archive-date=September 16, 2018|page=1|language=sv}}</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': 2C-B is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': 2C-B is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' | *'''Turkey:''' 2C-B is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2011/1310|url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/02/20110213-4.htm|publisher=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Legislation Development and Publication]|publication-date=February 13, 2011|date=January 7, 2011|work=Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 27845|language=tr}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': 2C-B is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': 2C-B is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=January 7, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref> | *'''United States''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_11.htm|title=Part 1308: Schedules of Controlled Substances: §1308.11 Schedule I.|work=Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations|access-date=November 5, 2019|publisher=Diversion Control Devision}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 224: | Line 266: | ||
*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb.shtml 2C-B (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=20 2C-B (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=20 2C-B (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01537 2C-B (DrugBank)] | |||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
| Line 238: | Line 281: | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | [[Category:Psychoactive substance]] | ||
[[Category:Psychedelic]] | [[Category:Psychedelic]] | ||
[[Category:2C-x]] | [[Category:2C-x]] | ||
| Line 255: | Line 295: | ||
|R6=OCH₃ | |R6=OCH₃ | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:Aphrodisiac]] | |||