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Modafinil: Difference between revisions

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'''Modafinil''' (also known by the brand names '''Provigil''', '''Alertec''', '''Modavigil''', and others) is a [[psychoactive class::eugeroic]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzhydryl]] class that produces [[wakefulness|wakefulness-promoting]] and [[stimulant]] effects when [[administered]]. It is commonly used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness in both medical and non-medical contexts.
'''Modafinil''' (also known by the brand names '''Provigil''', '''Alertec''', '''Modavigil''', and others) is a [[psychoactive class::eugeroic]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzhydryl]] class that produces [[wakefulness|wakefulness-promoting]] and [[stimulant]] effects when [[administered]]. It is commonly used to enhance cognition, reduce fatigue, and increase alertness in both medical and non-medical contexts.


Modafinil is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fava, M.)), ((Thase, M. E.)), ((DeBattista, C.)), ((Doghramji, K.)), ((Arora, S.)), ((Hughes, R. J.)) | journal=Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists | title=Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=153–159 | date= September 2007 | issn=1040-1237 | doi=10.1080/10401230701464858}}</ref>, bipolar disorder,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frye, M. A.)), ((Grunze, H.)), ((Suppes, T.)), ((McElroy, S. L.)), ((Keck, P. E.)), ((Walden, J.)), ((Leverich, G. S.)), ((Altshuler, L. L.)), ((Nakelsky, S.)), ((Hwang, S.)), ((Mintz, J.)), ((Post, R. M.)) | journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry | title=A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression | volume=164 | issue=8 | pages=1242–1249 | date= August 2007 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06060981}}</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vliet, S. A. M. van)), ((Vanwersch, R. A. P.)), ((Jongsma, M. J.)), ((Gugten, J. van der)), ((Olivier, B.)), ((Philippens, I. H. C. H. M.)) | journal=Behavioural Pharmacology | title=Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects | volume=17 | issue=5–6 | pages=453–462 | date= September 2006 | issn=0955-8810 | doi=10.1097/00008877-200609000-00011}}</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lundt, L.)) | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders | title=Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study | volume=81 | issue=2 | pages=173–178 | date= August 2004 | issn=0165-0327 | doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00162-9}}</ref> ADHD,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Biederman, J.)), ((Pliszka, S. R.)) | journal=The Journal of Pediatrics | title=Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents | volume=152 | issue=3 | pages=394–399 | date= March 2008 | issn=1097-6833 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.07.052}}</ref> and various other conditions which have fatigue as a symptom.  
Modafinil is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, shift work sleep disorder and narcolepsy.<ref>Provigal (Manufacturer's Website) | http://www.provigil.com/</ref> However, studies have shown that modafinil may also be useful off-label for alleviating the symptoms of depression,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fava, M.)), ((Thase, M. E.)), ((DeBattista, C.)), ((Doghramji, K.)), ((Arora, S.)), ((Hughes, R. J.)) | journal=Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists | title=Modafinil augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy in MDD partial responders with persistent fatigue and sleepiness | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=153–159 | date= September 2007 | issn=1040-1237 | doi=10.1080/10401230701464858}}</ref> bipolar disorder,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Frye, M. A.)), ((Grunze, H.)), ((Suppes, T.)), ((McElroy, S. L.)), ((Keck, P. E.)), ((Walden, J.)), ((Leverich, G. S.)), ((Altshuler, L. L.)), ((Nakelsky, S.)), ((Hwang, S.)), ((Mintz, J.)), ((Post, R. M.)) | journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry | title=A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression | volume=164 | issue=8 | pages=1242–1249 | date= August 2007 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06060981}}</ref> Parkinson's disease,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vliet, S. A. M. van)), ((Vanwersch, R. A. P.)), ((Jongsma, M. J.)), ((Gugten, J. van der)), ((Olivier, B.)), ((Philippens, I. H. C. H. M.)) | journal=Behavioural Pharmacology | title=Neuroprotective effects of modafinil in a marmoset Parkinson model: behavioral and neurochemical aspects | volume=17 | issue=5–6 | pages=453–462 | date= September 2006 | issn=0955-8810 | doi=10.1097/00008877-200609000-00011}}</ref> seasonal depressive disorder,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lundt, L.)) | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders | title=Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study | volume=81 | issue=2 | pages=173–178 | date= August 2004 | issn=0165-0327 | doi=10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00162-9}}</ref> ADHD,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Biederman, J.)), ((Pliszka, S. R.)) | journal=The Journal of Pediatrics | title=Modafinil improves symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across subtypes in children and adolescents | volume=152 | issue=3 | pages=394–399 | date= March 2008 | issn=1097-6833 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.07.052}}</ref> and various other conditions which have fatigue as a symptom.  


Modafinil has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its ability to produce [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]].{{citation needed}} It has recently gained mainstream popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|"smart drug"]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]], counteract the desire or need for sleep, and increase general productivity.{{citation needed}}
Modafinil has also been used as a doping agent by various athletes due to its ability to produce [[Stimulation|physical stimulation]].<ref>https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/clinger-given-two-year-suspension-for-doping</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20120122061356/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/baseball/mlb/03/06/news.excerpt/1.html</ref><ref>https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/fulltext/2004/06000/effects_of_acute_modafinil_ingestion_on_exercise.23.aspx</ref> It has recently gained mainstream popularity for its use as a [[nootropic|"smart drug"]] to [[Memory enhancement|improve memory]], counteract the desire or need for sleep, and increase general productivity.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34632515</ref>


==History and culture==
==History and culture==
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==Reagent Testing Color Results==
==Reagent Testing Color Results==
Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a color change which is indicative of the compound under test <ref>{{cite web |url = https://app.testdrugs.info/substances/564|title = Modafinil Testdrugs.info Website|date = September 7, 2022|author = Testdrugs|publisher = Testdrugs}}</ref> .  
To find out whether a substance is likely to be Modafinil, reagent testing kits can be used. Application of different reagents to the same substance may cause specific colors changes to appear. The expected color changes for Modafinil with their respective reagent tests (Marquis, Mecke, Mandelin, Liebermann and Froehde) are shown in the following image. Exposing substances to reagents may cause a color change which is indicative of the substance under test <ref>{{cite web |url = https://app.testdrugs.info/substances/564|title = Modafinil Testdrugs.info Website|date = September 7, 2022|author = Testdrugs|publisher = Testdrugs}}</ref> . Reagent tests do not guarantee that a substance is pure. To test purity of a substance, consider thin layer chromatography (TLC) or even more elaborate tests like gas chromatography. 
{| class="wikitable"
[[File:Modafinil-reagent-colors-psychonautwiki.svg|800px|thumb|center|Expected color changes for Modafinil]]
!Marquis
 
!Mecke
!Mandelin
!Liebermann
!Froehde
! colspan="2" |Gallic
|-
|Yellow / Orange - Brown
|Orange - Brown
|Brownish Red
|Darkening Orange
|Deep Orange / Red
| colspan="2" |No reaction
|-
!Robadope
!Ehrlich
!Hofmann
!Simon’s
!Zimmermann
!Scott
!Folin
|-
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|}


{{Modafinil/Pharmacology}}
{{Modafinil/Pharmacology}}
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{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}     
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}     
{{effects/base
{{effects/base


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*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' or '''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' or '''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' or '''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - While modafinil is capable of producing this effect, it does not do so as reliably as it does with traditional [[stimulants]] or [[entactogens]].
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' - While modafinil is capable of producing this effect, it does not do so as reliably as it does with traditional [[stimulants]] or [[entactogens]].
}}
}}
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Modafinil is legally approved for medical purposes worldwide. However, it is illegal to sell and possess in most countries without a prescription.  
Modafinil is legally approved for medical purposes worldwide. However, it is illegal to sell and possess in most countries without a prescription.  


*'''Australia:''' Modafinil is listed as a Schedule 4 (prescription only) drug in Australia and it can be prescribed sleep apnea and narcolepsy.<ref>{{Citation | title=Modafinil | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modafinil&oldid=1100020692}}</ref>
*'''Australia:''' Modafinil is listed as a Schedule 4 (prescription only) drug in Australia and it can be prescribed for sleep apnea and narcolepsy.<ref>{{Citation | title=Modafinil | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modafinil&oldid=1100020692}}</ref>
*'''Austria:''' Modafinila is classed as NR (prescription only, repeated dispense prohibited) <ref>Rezeptverordnung | https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10010358</ref>
*'''Austria:''' Modafinil is classed as NR (prescription only, repeated dispense prohibited) <ref>Rezeptverordnung | https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10010358</ref>
*'''Canada:''' Modafinil is listed as a Schedule F prescription drug in Canada and can be prescribed for human and veterinary use.<ref>National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities - Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (1184 — Modafinil) | http://napra.ca/Content_Files/Files/FDR-Project1184-Modafinil-Oct122006.pdf</ref>
*'''Canada:''' Modafinil is listed as a Schedule F prescription drug in Canada and can be prescribed for human and veterinary use.<ref>National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities - Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (1184 — Modafinil) | http://napra.ca/Content_Files/Files/FDR-Project1184-Modafinil-Oct122006.pdf</ref>
*'''Germany:''' Modafinil is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=AMVV - Verordnung über die Verschreibungspflicht von Arzneimitteln | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/BJNR363210005.html}}</ref>
*'''Germany:''' Modafinil is a prescription medicine, according to Anlage 1 AMVV.<ref>{{Citation | title=AMVV - Verordnung über die Verschreibungspflicht von Arzneimitteln | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/amvv/BJNR363210005.html}}</ref>
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*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/modafinil/ Modafinil (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/smarts/modafinil/ Modafinil (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2978 Modafinil (Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2978 Modafinil (Isomer Design)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00745 Modafinil (DrugBank)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Modafinil Modafinil (Drugs-Forum)]


==References==
==References==
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Modafinil"