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Safer injection guide: Difference between revisions

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{{Danger/Injection}}
{{Danger/Injection}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MppHWdZ-S_I|340x240|right|[[#Sterile single-use spoon|Sterile single-use spoons]] for preparation of drugs for injection complement [[#Sterile syringe and sterile hypodermic needle|sterile syringes and sterile hypodermic needles]] in preventing transmission of blood-borne diseases, which often goes unnoticed through communal pools: ''Boiling, burning, or using common cleaning fluids, alcohol, or peroxide can reduce the amount of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), but this may not prevent you from getting infected.''<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/pdfs/factsheet-pwid.pdf</ref> The [[Sharing_injection_materials#Hepatitis_C|hepatitis C]] virus can survive outside the body for <span style="color:red">'''6 weeks'''</span>.<ref name="pmid24273176" /> The international prevalence of {{nowrap|hepatitis C}} is between <span style="color:red">'''60% and 80%'''</span> among people who use injection drugs.<ref name=Lancet2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, Hagan H, Des Jarlais D, Horyniak D, Degenhardt L | title = Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9791 | pages = 571–83 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21802134 | pmc = 3285467 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61097-0 }}</ref><ref name=China2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xia X, Luo J, Bai J, Yu R | title = Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Public Health | volume = 122 | issue = 10 | pages = 990–1003 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18486955 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.01.014 }}</ref>|frame}}
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MppHWdZ-S_I|340x240|right|[[#Sterile single-use spoon|Sterile single-use spoons]] for preparation of drugs for injection complement [[#Sterile syringe and sterile hypodermic needle|sterile syringes and sterile hypodermic needles]] in preventing transmission of blood-borne diseases, which often goes unnoticed through communal pools: ''Boiling, burning, or using common cleaning fluids, alcohol, or peroxide can reduce the amount of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), but this may not prevent you from getting infected.''<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/pdfs/factsheet-pwid.pdf</ref> The [[Sharing_injection_materials#Hepatitis_C|hepatitis C]] virus can survive outside the body for <span style="color:red">'''6 weeks'''</span>.<ref name="pmid24273176" /> The international prevalence of {{nowrap|hepatitis C}} is between <span style="color:red">'''60% and 80%'''</span> among people who use injection drugs.<ref name=Lancet2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson PK, Mathers BM, Cowie B, Hagan H, Des Jarlais D, Horyniak D, Degenhardt L | title = Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews | journal = Lancet | volume = 378 | issue = 9791 | pages = 571–83 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21802134 | pmc = 3285467 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61097-0 }}</ref><ref name=China2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xia X, Luo J, Bai J, Yu R | title = Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in China: systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Public Health | volume = 122 | issue = 10 | pages = 990–1003 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18486955 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.01.014 }}</ref> Hepatitis C cannot be prevented once the virus has already been introduced into the body, and currently, there is no vaccine.|frame}}


'''Injection''' is the act of delivering a [[psychoactive substance]] into the body using a hypodermic needle. Injected substances are mixed with a liquid (such as [[#Sterilie water for injection|sterilie water for injection]]) to form a solution, which is usually either injected directly into the bloodstream via the veins (i.e. intravenous or [[#IV_injection|IV injection]]) or into the muscle tissue (i.e. intramuscular or [[#IM_injection|IM injection]]).
'''Injection''' is the act of delivering a [[psychoactive substance]] into the body using a hypodermic needle. Injected substances are mixed with a liquid (such as [[#Sterilie water for injection|sterilie water for injection]]) to form a solution, which is usually either injected directly into the bloodstream via the veins (i.e. intravenous or [[#IV_injection|IV injection]]) or into the muscle tissue (i.e. intramuscular or [[#IM_injection|IM injection]]).
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While most psychoactive substances are capable of being injected, the practice is most commonly associated with [[opiates]] like [[heroin]], [[stimulants]] like [[methamphetamine]] and [[cocaine]], and [[dissociatives]].
While most psychoactive substances are capable of being injected, the practice is most commonly associated with [[opiates]] like [[heroin]], [[stimulants]] like [[methamphetamine]] and [[cocaine]], and [[dissociatives]].
When using opiates it is highly recommended to have [[naloxone]] nasal spray, available for free at some pharmacies, in order to reverse the effects of the opiate, and then call or get someone to call emergency services, as multiple doses of the naloxone are needed in order to continue effects, which first responders and the hospital will have. This can save a life.


==Risks and hazards==
==Risks and hazards==
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====Dosage forms not intended for injection====
====Dosage forms not intended for injection====
 
See [[List of psychoactive substances to avoid#Dosage forms]]
=====Tablets=====
'''It is extremely important to never inject pills''' as they contain pill binders that may congregate and cause blood clots and other serious bodily harm. This risk may be mitigated by the use of micron filters and extraction of the active pill ingredient, but it is not advised to inject pills of any kind. This issue is most often seen with pills that contain [[oxycodone]]. When crushed these pills may look safe to inject, but they may harbor pill binders and other materials that can clog up the veins and cause blockages in the bloodstream, resulting in circulation issues and kidney complications.<ref>{{Citation | title=What Are The Dangers of Snorting or Injecting OxyContin? | url=https://americanaddictioncenters.org/prescription-drugs/smoking-snorting-injecting}} </ref>
 
Talc from crushed tablets can cause:
* '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema Emphysema]''' - Emphysema, or pulmonary emphysema, is a lower respiratory tract disease. The intravenous use of [[methylphenidate]], commonly marketed as Ritalin and widely used as a stimulant drug in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, can lead to emphysematous changes known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema#Ritalin_lung Ritalin lung].
* '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis Pulmonary talcosis]''' - Pulmonary talcosis is a pulmonary disorder caused by talc. The injection of talc from crushed pills has been associated with pulmonary talcosis in intravenous drug users.<ref name="pmid6655726">{{Cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=LL.|date=Dec 1983|title=Pulmonary "mainline" granulomatosis: talcosis secondary to intravenous heroin abuse with characteristic x-ray findings of asbestosis.|journal=J Natl Med Assoc|volume=75|issue=12|pages=1225–8|pmc=2561715|pmid=6655726}}</ref>
 
=====Transdermal patches=====
Main: [[Dosage form#Uneven distributed substances in drug reservoirs]]
 
Fentany patches are designed for trandermal use, not intravenous injection. Thus, fentanyl solutions applied to transdermal patches during the manufacturing process does not warrant homogenous distribution. For example, a top corner may contain little fentanyl, while the center of the patch may contain significantly higher concentrate.
 
=====Vape liquids=====
Case Report: Fatal Intravenous Injection of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Refilling Solution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thornton |first1=SL |last2=Oller |first2=L |last3=Sawyer |first3=T |title=Fatal intravenous injection of electronic nicotine delivery system refilling solution. |journal=Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology |date=June 2014 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=202-4 |doi=10.1007/s13181-014-0380-9 |pmid=24500565 |pmc=4057540}}</ref>


===Virus survival time outside the body===
===Virus survival time outside the body===
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