Zolpidem: Difference between revisions

(9 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)

Line 27:

As the GABA site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming)]] effects of zolpidem on the nervous system.

In regards to how the consumption of this compound results in its bizarre hallucinations, the pharmacological mechanics behind this are not understood and do not seem to have been directly studied. It is worth noting, however, that zolpidem may ~~share similar mechanisms as a [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> receptor [[agonist]] to~~ that of [[muscimol]], ~~which is~~ the active compound within the hallucinogenic [[amanita muscaria]] mushroom.

In regards to how the consumption of this compound results in its bizarre hallucinations, the pharmacological mechanics behind this are not understood and do not seem to have been directly studied. It is worth noting, however, that zolpidem impact on regional activity may overlap with that of other hallucinogenic GABAergic drugs such as [[muscimol]], the active compound within the hallucinogenic [[amanita muscaria]] mushroom.

==Subjective effects==

The subjective effects of zolpidem seem to vary wildly between individuals with certain users experiencing a complete lack of hallucinations whilst others experience them even at lower dosages. Generally, a recreational zolpidem dose has features comparable to [[DXM]], [[DPH]], [[alprazolam]] and [[psilocin]].

The subjective effects of zolpidem seem to vary wildly between individuals with certain users experiencing a complete lack of hallucinations whilst others experience them even at lower dosages. Generally, a recreational zolpidem dose has features comparable to [[DXM]], [[DPH]], [[alprazolam]] and [[psilocin]]. It is also quite similar to the hallucinogen [[amanita muscaria]].

It contains many of the physical and cognitive effects of [[benzodiazepines]] with a moderately [[dissociative#subjective effects|dissociated]] headspace most similar to that of [[DXM]]. This occurs alongside bizarre thought patterns and [[external hallucinations]] similar to those of [[deliriants]] and [[visual distortions]] most similar to those of [[psychedelics]]. Overall, this makes zolpidem an extremely unique and unpredictable [[hallucinogen]] which ~~requires~~ a [[trip sitter]].

It contains many of the physical and cognitive effects of [[benzodiazepines]] with a moderately [[dissociative#subjective effects|dissociated]] headspace most similar to that of [[DXM]]. This occurs alongside bizarre thought patterns and [[external hallucinations]] similar to those of [[deliriants]] and [[visual distortions]] most similar to those of [[psychedelics]]. Overall, this makes zolpidem an extremely unique and unpredictable [[hallucinogen]] which it is strongly recommended to have a [[trip sitter]].

{{effects/base

Line 42:

Line 41:

These are described below and generally include:

* '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - The sedation present within this compound is significantly stronger than that of other [[GABAergic]] [[~~depressants~~]] when proportionally compared to their other effects. This is why zolpidem is commonly prescribed as a sleep aid to those who struggle with insomnia.

* '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - The sedation present within this compound is significantly stronger than that of other [[GABAergic]] [[depressant]] when proportionally compared to their other effects. This is why zolpidem is commonly prescribed as a sleep aid to those who struggle with insomnia.

*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This manifests itself as a warm, soft glow which emanates from the center of the user's body.

*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - Many users of zolpidem report binge eating bizarre mixtures of various foods while they are "asleep" with little or no memory of the activity upon waking up.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((DeNoon, D. J.)) | title=Ambien Linked to “Sleep Eating” | url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/news/20060315/ambien-linked-to-sleep-eating}}</ref> This likely occurs as a result of zolpidem's cognitive effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[amnesia]].

Line 78:

Line 77:

*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression|Acuity suppression]]'''

*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' - At heavier dosages, this compound may induce the experience of scenery, walls, objects and people appearing to melt and distort in a manner which is comparable to traditional [[psychedelic]]s such as [[psilocin]] or [[LSD]].

*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - The geometry produced by zolpidem shares similarities with [[DXM]] and ~~genereally~~ shifts between jitteriness and static.

*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - The geometry produced by zolpidem shares similarities with [[DXM]] and generally shifts between jitteriness and static.

*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - The internal hallucinations present on this compound can be described as vivid dream-like states similar in style to that of [[deliriants]]. This effect typically occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate dosages but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage consumed before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style.

*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect exclusively occurs at heavy dosages and is comparable to [[deliriant]]s such as [[DPH]] and [[datura]]. This effect can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of both everyday occurrences such as talking to people who are not there and impossible occurrences such as inanimate objects coming to life or [[shadow people]].

Line 150:

Line 149:

*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[benzodiazepines]]'')- This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine zolpidem with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of zolpidem, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of zolpidem will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Zolpidem#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of zolpidem ~~per hour~~. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.

*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine zolpidem with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of zolpidem, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of zolpidem will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Zolpidem#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of zolpidem every few hours at minimum. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.

==Legal status==

Line 157:

Line 156:

*'''Australia:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}

*'''Canada:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}

*'''China:''' Zolpidem is a controlled Class II psychotropic substances.<ref>《麻醉药品和精神药品品种目录（2023版）》-国有资产管理处 (tjnu.edu.cn)</ref> Prescriptions for psychotropic substances in Class II are generally limited to a 7-day supply.<ref>卫生部关于印发《麻醉药品、精神药品处方管理规定》的通知　　麻醉药品、精神药品处方管理规定__2006年第28号国务院公报_中国政府网 (www.gov.cn)</ref>

*'''Germany:''' Zolpidem is a controlled substance under Anlage III of the BtMG. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. There is an exception for oral preperations, containing up to 8,5mg zolpidem per unit, which can be prescribed on a regular prescription form.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage III BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html}}</ref>

*'''Netherlands:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}

*'''Russia:''' In Russia, since 2013, zolpidem is a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.02.2013 N 78 “О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации” - КонсультантПлюс | url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=141744&dst=100002&date=02.12.2019}}</ref>

*'''Switzerland''': Zolpidem is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>

*'''The Netherlands''': Zolpidem is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law.<ref>{{Citation|title=Opiumwet, Lijst II (Dutch) | year=2023|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2023-09-12#BijlageII}}</ref>

*'''United Kingdom:''' Zolpidem has been a class C drug in the UK since 2003.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2003 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/1243/contents/made}}</ref> It is illegal to possess (without a legitimate prescription), supply, produce or import.{{citation needed}}

*'''United States:''' Zolpidem is listed as a Schedule IV drug due to evidence that the drug has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepines]].{{citation needed}}

Line 176:

Line 177:

*[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/zolpidem/zolpidem.shtml Zolpidem (Erowid Vault)]

*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3360 Zolpidem (Isomer Design)]

*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00425 Zolpidem (DrugBank)]

*[https://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html Zolpidem (Drugs.com)]

*[http://ambien.blogspot.com/2010/12/ambien-walrus-collection.html The Ambien Walrus Collection]

Line 185:

Line 188:

[[Category:Hallucinogen]]

[[Category:GABAergic hallucinogens]]

@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 As the GABA site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming)]] effects of zolpidem on the nervous system.
-In regards to how the consumption of this compound results in its bizarre hallucinations, the pharmacological mechanics behind this are not understood and do not seem to have been directly studied. It is worth noting, however, that zolpidem may share similar mechanisms as a [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> receptor [[agonist]] to that of [[muscimol]], which is the active compound within the hallucinogenic [[amanita muscaria]] mushroom.
+In regards to how the consumption of this compound results in its bizarre hallucinations, the pharmacological mechanics behind this are not understood and do not seem to have been directly studied. It is worth noting, however, that zolpidem impact on regional activity may overlap with that of other hallucinogenic GABAergic drugs such as [[muscimol]], the active compound within the hallucinogenic [[amanita muscaria]] mushroom.
 ==Subjective effects==
-The subjective effects of zolpidem seem to vary wildly between individuals with certain users experiencing a complete lack of hallucinations whilst others experience them even at lower dosages. Generally, a recreational zolpidem dose has features comparable to [[DXM]], [[DPH]], [[alprazolam]] and [[psilocin]].
+The subjective effects of zolpidem seem to vary wildly between individuals with certain users experiencing a complete lack of hallucinations whilst others experience them even at lower dosages. Generally, a recreational zolpidem dose has features comparable to [[DXM]], [[DPH]], [[alprazolam]] and [[psilocin]]. It is also quite similar to the hallucinogen [[amanita muscaria]].
-It contains many of the physical and cognitive effects of [[benzodiazepines]] with a moderately [[dissociative#subjective effects|dissociated]] headspace most similar to that of [[DXM]]. This occurs alongside bizarre thought patterns and [[external hallucinations]] similar to those of [[deliriants]] and [[visual distortions]] most similar to those of [[psychedelics]]. Overall, this makes zolpidem an extremely unique and unpredictable [[hallucinogen]] which requires a [[trip sitter]].
+It contains many of the physical and cognitive effects of [[benzodiazepines]] with a moderately [[dissociative#subjective effects|dissociated]] headspace most similar to that of [[DXM]]. This occurs alongside bizarre thought patterns and [[external hallucinations]] similar to those of [[deliriants]] and [[visual distortions]] most similar to those of [[psychedelics]]. Overall, this makes zolpidem an extremely unique and unpredictable [[hallucinogen]] which it is strongly recommended to have a [[trip sitter]].
 {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
 {{effects/base
@@ Line 42: / Line 41: @@
 These are described below and generally include:
-* '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - The sedation present within this compound is significantly stronger than that of other [[GABAergic]] [[depressants]] when proportionally compared to their other effects. This is why zolpidem is commonly prescribed as a sleep aid to those who struggle with insomnia.
+* '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - The sedation present within this compound is significantly stronger than that of other [[GABAergic]] [[depressant]] when proportionally compared to their other effects. This is why zolpidem is commonly prescribed as a sleep aid to those who struggle with insomnia.
 *'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This manifests itself as a warm, soft glow which emanates from the center of the user's body.
 *'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - Many users of zolpidem report binge eating bizarre mixtures of various foods while they are "asleep" with little or no memory of the activity upon waking up.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((DeNoon, D. J.)) | title=Ambien Linked to “Sleep Eating” | url=https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/news/20060315/ambien-linked-to-sleep-eating}}</ref> This likely occurs as a result of zolpidem's cognitive effects such as [[disinhibition]] and [[amnesia]].
@@ Line 78: / Line 77: @@
 *'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression|Acuity suppression]]'''
 *'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' - At heavier dosages, this compound may induce the experience of scenery, walls, objects and people appearing to melt and distort in a manner which is comparable to traditional [[psychedelic]]s such as [[psilocin]] or [[LSD]].
-*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - The geometry produced by zolpidem shares similarities with [[DXM]] and genereally shifts between jitteriness and static.
+*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - The geometry produced by zolpidem shares similarities with [[DXM]] and generally shifts between jitteriness and static.
 *'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') -  The internal hallucinations present on this compound can be described as vivid dream-like states similar in style to that of [[deliriants]]. This effect typically occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate dosages but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage consumed before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style.
 *'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect exclusively occurs at heavy dosages and is comparable to [[deliriant]]s such as [[DPH]] and [[datura]]. This effect can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of both everyday occurrences such as talking to people who are not there and impossible occurrences such as inanimate objects coming to life or [[shadow people]].
@@ Line 150: / Line 149: @@
 *'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]], [[benzodiazepines]]'')- This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
 *'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
-*'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine zolpidem with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of zolpidem, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of zolpidem will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Zolpidem#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of zolpidem per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
+*'''[[Stimulants]]''' -  It is dangerous to combine zolpidem with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of zolpidem, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of zolpidem will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[Zolpidem#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of zolpidem every few hours at minimum. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
 ==Legal status==
@@ Line 157: / Line 156: @@
 *'''Australia:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}
 *'''Canada:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}
+*'''China:''' Zolpidem is a controlled Class II psychotropic substances.<ref>《麻醉药品和精神药品品种目录（2023版）》-国有资产管理处 (tjnu.edu.cn)</ref> Prescriptions for psychotropic substances in Class II are generally limited to a 7-day supply.<ref>卫生部关于印发《麻醉药品、精神药品处方管理规定》的通知　　麻醉药品、精神药品处方管理规定__2006年第28号国务院公报_中国政府网 (www.gov.cn)</ref>
 *'''Germany:''' Zolpidem is a controlled substance under Anlage III of the BtMG. It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form. There is an exception for oral preperations, containing up to 8,5mg zolpidem per unit, which can be prescribed on a regular prescription form.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage III BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html}}</ref>
 *'''Netherlands:''' Zolpidem is only available by prescription.{{citation needed}}
 *'''Russia:''' In Russia, since 2013, zolpidem is a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 04.02.2013 N 78 “О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации” - КонсультантПлюс | url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=141744&dst=100002&date=02.12.2019}}</ref>
 *'''Switzerland''': Zolpidem is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
+*'''The Netherlands''': Zolpidem is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law.<ref>{{Citation|title=Opiumwet, Lijst II (Dutch) | year=2023|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2023-09-12#BijlageII}}</ref>
 *'''United Kingdom:''' Zolpidem has been a class C drug in the UK since 2003.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 2003 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2003/1243/contents/made}}</ref> It is illegal to possess (without a legitimate prescription), supply, produce or import.{{citation needed}}
 *'''United States:''' Zolpidem is listed as a Schedule IV drug due to evidence that the drug has addictive properties similar to [[benzodiazepines]].{{citation needed}}
@@ Line 176: / Line 177: @@
 *[https://www.erowid.org/pharms/zolpidem/zolpidem.shtml Zolpidem (Erowid Vault)]
 *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3360 Zolpidem (Isomer Design)]
+*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00425 Zolpidem (DrugBank)]
+*[https://www.drugs.com/zolpidem.html Zolpidem (Drugs.com)]
 *[http://ambien.blogspot.com/2010/12/ambien-walrus-collection.html The Ambien Walrus Collection]
@@ Line 185: / Line 188: @@
 [[Category:Hallucinogen]]
 [[Category:GABAergic hallucinogens]]
+{{#set:Featured=true}}