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==Zaleplon==
{{headerpanel|{{DepressantOD|GABAergics}}{{Approval}}}}
{{headerpanel|{{DepressantOD|GABAergics}}{{proofread}}{{Approval}}}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SummarySheet}}
 
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    <!-- Nomenclature -->
    |NameCommon= Sonata, Starnoc, Andante,
    |NameSubstitution= Zaleplon
    |NameSystematic= N-[3-(3-cyanopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)phenyl]-N-ethylacetamide
    <!-- Class Membership -->
    |EffectClass=[[Hypnotic]] / [[Hallucinogen]]
    |ChemicalClass=[[pyrazolopyrimidine]]
 
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'''Zaleplon''' (trade name '''Sonata''') is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug. It is of the [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] and [[psychoactive class::depressant]] psychoactive classes and is chemically a [[chemical class::pyrazolopyrimidine]].
'''Zaleplon''' (trade name '''Sonata''') is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug. It is of the [[psychoactive class::hypnotic]] and [[psychoactive class::depressant]] psychoactive classes and is chemically a [[chemical class::pyrazolopyrimidine]].
When taken for recreational purposes, at doses far higher then the prescribed dose, it is capable of producing powerful and bizarre atypical hallucinogenic, hypnotic, deliriant and even psychedelic effects.
When taken for recreational purposes, at doses far higher then the prescribed dose, it is capable of producing powerful and bizarre atypical hallucinogenic, hypnotic, deliriant and even psychedelic effects. Some individuals use a different delivery method than prescribed, such as [[insufflation]], to induce effects faster


Zaleplon is a member of a family known as "Z-drugs." Other Z-drugs include zolpidem (Ambien) and zopiclone. These drugs were initially thought to be less addictive and/or habit-forming than benzodiazepines. However, this evaluation has shifted in the last few years as cases of addiction and habituation have accumulated.[citation needed]
Zaleplon is a member of a family known as "[[Z-drugs]]." Other Z-drugs include [[zolpidem]] (Ambien) and [[zopiclone]]. These drugs were designed to be more selective in their hypnotic actions than benzodiazepines.  


Zaleplon is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the drug is not usually advised.
Zaleplon is recommended to be taken on a short-term basis only. Daily or continuous use of the drug is not usually advised.
==History and culture==
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
{{historyStub}}
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==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
{{chemistry}}
Zaleplon is a [[pyrazolopyrimidine]] having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
Zaleplon is a GABA<sub>BZ</sub> receptor agonist as well as a GABA<sub>A</sub> agonist. <ref>https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00962</ref>
Zaleplon has a pharmacological profile similar to [[benzodiazepines]]. Zaleplon is a full [[agonist]] for the benzodiazepine a1 [[receptor]] located on the [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> receptor ionophore complex in the brain, with lower affinity for the a2 and a3 subtypes. It selectively enhances the action of GABA similar to but more selectively than benzodiazepines.<ref name="Zaleplon Pharmacology">Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871512510350084</ref>
 
In regards to how the consumption of this compound results in its bizarre [[hallucinations]], the pharmacological mechanics behind this are not understood and do not seem to have been directly studied.


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{EffectStub}}
{{effects/physical|
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
*'''[[Nausea]]'''
{{effects/base
*'''[[Appetite enhancement]]'''
 
*'''[[Dizziness]]'''
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Stimulation]]''' & '''[[Sedation]]''' - Sedation is prominent during the onset but turns to sedation once the peak is reached.
The physical effects of zaleplon are almost identical to that of [[benzodiazepines]] such as [[alprazolam]], although with less intensive [[muscle relaxation]]. They can be broken down into several components.
*'''[[Motor control loss]]''' - Loss of gross and fine motor control is not as prominent with Zaleplon as it is with benzodiazepines.
 
*'''[[Pupil dilation]]'''
These are described below and generally include:
*'''[[Physical euphoria]]''' - This rarely occurs and usually only lasts a few instances.
* '''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - The sedation present within this compound is significantly stronger than that of other [[GABA]]ergic [[depressant]]s when proportionally compared to their other effects. This is why zaleplon is commonly prescribed as a sleep aid to those who struggle with insomnia.
*'''[[Temperature regulation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This manifests itself as a warm, soft glow which emanates from the center of the user's body.
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headaches]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - At moderate to heavy dosages, a slight discomfort may be felt in the stomach. This will go away once the user has vomited.
* '''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]''' - Although muscle relaxation is definitely present, it usually only manifests itself at heavier dosages and is significantly weaker than that of benzodiazepines.
* '''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
* '''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Seizure suppression]]'''<ref name="Zaleplon Pharmacology"/>
*'''[[Effect::Stomach cramp]]'''
 
}}
}}
{{effects/cognitive|
{{effects/disconnective|
*'''[[Cognitive euphoria]]'''
 
*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - This effect is only present at moderate to heavy recreational dosages and is comparable to that of a [[dissociatives]] such as [[DXM]] and [[ketamine]]. It commonly results in feeling as if one's sense of vision is distant or vague and being viewed through a screen or window. However, it is not capable of higher end visual disconnection such as [[holes, spaces and voids]] or [[Visual_disconnection#Structures|hallucinatory structures]] in the same way that traditional dissociatives are. This is likely due to the way in which zaleplon's sedative effects render the user unconscious at dosages far lower than one could consume to reach such a state.
*'''[[Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]''' - This effect is only present at moderate to heavy recreational dosages and is comparable to that of [[dissociative]]s such as [[DXM]] and [[ketamine]]. However, it is not capable of higher end cognitive disconnection in the same way that dissociatives are. This is likely due to the way in which zaleplon's sedative effects render the user unconscious at dosages far lower than one could consume to reach such a state.
*'''[[Memory suppression]]'''
 
*'''[[Increased sense of humor]]'''
*'''[[Confusion]]'''
*'''[[Delusions of sobriety]]''' - This effect is prominent with light to common dosages.
*'''[[Delusions]]'''
*'''[[Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Amnesia]]''' - Amnesia is present during the experience but it's not as strong as it is with benzodiazepines, this makes it more difficult to reach a blackout state.
*'''[[Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Sleepiness]]''' & '''[[Wakefulness]]''' - Sleepiness is felt during the come up but is often later replaced with [[wakefulness]] during the peak.
*'''[[Suicidal ideation]]'''
}}
}}
{{effects/visual|
{{effects/visual|
*'''[[Drifting]]'''
The visual effects of zaleplon are comparable to that of certain aspects [[deliriant|deliriants]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]] and [[psychedelics]]. At lower dosages, these effects manifest as simple [[visual suppressions]] but at higher doses, they may escalate into full-blown complex hallucinatory states of a bizarre and unique nature.
*'''[[Slicing]]'''
 
*'''[[Breathing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Morphing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Object activation]]'''
*'''[[Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression|Acuity suppression]]'''
*'''[[Color shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' - At heavier dosages, this compound may induce the experience of scenery, walls, objects and people appearing to melt and distort in a manner which is comparable to traditional [[psychedelic]]s such as [[psilocin]] or [[LSD]].
*'''[[Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') -  The internal hallucinations present on this compound can be described as vivid dream-like states. This effect typically occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate dosages but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage consumed before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style.
*'''[[Shadow people]]'''
*'''[[Effect::External hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other classes of [[hallucinogen]], this effect exclusively occurs at heavy dosages. This effect can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability though not quality, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of both everyday occurrences such as talking to people who are not there and impossible occurrences such as inanimate objects coming to life. Unlike with deliriants, these hallucinations are not often described as scary or unsettling.
*'''[[Tracers]]
 
*'''[[Double vision]]'''
}}
*'''[[Unspeakable horrors]]'''
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Autonomous entities]]'''
The cognitive effects of zaleplon are comparable to that of [[benzodiazepine]]s although with less intensive [[anxiety suppression]]. At heavier more recreational dosages, additional effects which are usually associated with deliriants may become present. These include [[thought disorganization]] and [[delusions]]. The specific effects can be broken down into several components.
*'''[[External hallucinations]]''' - Hallucinations on zaleplon are usually interactive in style and vary in beliveability.
 
These are described below and generally include:
 
*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]''' - Many users that take zaleplon often claim that upon waking up, they have little to no memory of falling asleep and cannot recall the events preceding it.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' - This effect usually only occurs at heavier dosages and is significantly weaker than that of benzodiazepines but similar in strength to [[zolpidem]] at equally sedating doses.
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions]]'''<ref>Ambien, delusions, and violence: Is there a link? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-measure-madness/201005/ambien-delusions-and-violence-is-there-link</ref><ref>Ambien Side Effects Center (rxlist) | http://www.rxlist.com/ambien-side-effects-drug-center.htm</ref> - At heavier dosages, this effect may become present in a manner which is comparable to traditional deliriants. It is often accompanied by [[external hallucinations]] which tend to reinforce one's belief of the delusion.
*'''[[Effect::Delusions|Delusions of sobriety]]''' - This is the false belief that one is perfectly sober despite obvious evidence to the contrary such as severe cognitive impairment and an inability to fully communicate with others. It most commonly occurs at heavy dosages. Experience reports indicate that zaleplon may provoke these delusions in equal or greater strength than benzodiazepines.
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Laughter]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Mania]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Confusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Suggestibility enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]''' - At heavier dosages of zaleplon, one may find that they have a distinct difficulty vocalizing their thoughts in a coherent manner.
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression|Short-term memory suppression]]''' - At heavier dosages, many users find that they cannot recall things from 10 or 30 seconds ago due to suppression of their short-term memory. This can potentially lead to confusion, repetitive behaviour and [[thought loops]].
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]''' - At lower doses this effect manifests as a disorganization and change in the quality of the mental chatter one experiences while trying to fall asleep. At higher doses this effect tends to synergise with disinhibition and delusion in a manner which results in bizarre decision-making processes or thought processes which are often out of character and make little to no sense once the user has sobered up from the experience.
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]''''''<ref name="Zaleplon Pharmacology"/>


}}
}}
{{effects/auditory|
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations]]''' - At heavier dosages, one may experience the perception of imagined sounds such as voices or music. These are often accompanied by [[external hallucinations]] and [[delusions]].
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement|Enhancements]]'''


}}
}}
{{effects/disconnective|
*'''[[Visual disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive disconnection]]'''
}}
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
===Experience reports===
*'''[[Sleepiness]]'''
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
*'''[[Anxiety]]'''
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Pharms_Zaleplon.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Zaleplon]


}}
==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{toxicity}}
By itself, zaleplon likely has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose. However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[benzodiazepines]], [[alcohol]] or [[opioids]]]].<ref name="Zaleplon Pharmacology"/>
As with other Z-drugs, zaleplon use may result in bizarre and dangerous behavior.
As with other Z-drugs, zaleplon use may result in bizarre and dangerous behavior.


It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Lethal dosage===
 
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Zaleplon has similar withdrawal symptoms to other non-benzodiazepines.
Zaleplon is [[Addiction potential::moderate physically and psychologically addictive]].
 
Tolerance will develop to the [[sedative]]-[[hypnotic]] effects [[Time to full tolerance::within a couple of weeks of daily use]]. However, when used therapeutically, the tolerance to the zaleplon's sleep onset shortening effects does not appear to occur. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in [[Time to zero tolerance::7 - 14 days]]. Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction.


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
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==Legal status==
==Legal status==
{{LegalStub}}
{{LegalStub}}
*'''EU''' - Zaleplon was withdrawn within the EU.{{citation needed}}
*'''Switzerland''' - Zaleplon was withdrawn in Switzerland in 2011.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''' - Zaleplon is Schedule IV under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA), meaning it is judged to have "some potential for abuse."" Possession without a prescription is illegal.
*'''United States''' - Zaleplon is Schedule IV under the Controlled Substance Act (CSA), meaning it is judged to have "some potential for abuse."" Possession without a prescription is illegal.
*'''Canada''' - Zaleplon is not scheduled in Canada. However, it may be illegal to possess without a valid prescription. {{citation needed}}
*'''Canada''' - Zaleplon is not scheduled in Canada. However, it may be illegal to possess without a valid prescription. {{citation needed}}
*'''Russia''': Zaleplon is available through a prescription.{{citation needed}}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Hallucinogens]]
*[[Deliriants]]
*[[Hypnotic]]
*[[Zolpidem]]
*[[Zopiclone]]
==External links==
==External links==
*[[wikipedia:Zaleplon|Zaleplon (Wikipedia)]]
*[[wikipedia:Zaleplon|Zaleplon (Wikipedia)]]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=9530 Zaleplon (TiHKAL / Isomer Design)]


==Literature==
==Literature==
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<references />
<references />


[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]][[Category:GABAergic hallucinogen]]
 
[[Category:Substance]][[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Pyrazolopyrimidine]][[Category:GABAergic hallucinogen]][[Category:Depressant]][[Category:Hallucinogen]]
[[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]]
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