Deliriant: Difference between revisions

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~~[[File:deliriants.png~~|~~300px|right|thumb|''~~Deliriants ~~by [[Anonymous]] [http://boards.420chan.org/del/ DEL] user'' - This image represents the sinister [[external hallucination]]s commonly induced by deliriants.]]~~

{{headerpanel|{{Warning/Deliriants}}}}

'''Deliriants~~''' are a class of~~ [[~~Hallucinogens|hallucinogen~~]] ~~that are unique in that, even with lower doses, they offer solid hallucinations which display themselves seamlessly into waking consciousness, similar to fully formed dreams or delusions~~. ~~In contrast, classical~~ [[~~psychedelic~~]]s ~~and [[dissociative~~]]~~s have progressive levels of multiple all-encompassing sensory effects before reaching the level of concrete hallucination.~~

[[File:deliriants.png|300px|right|thumb|''Deliriants by [[Anonymous]] [http://boards.420chan.org/deli/ DEL] user'' - This image represents the sinister [[external hallucination]]s commonly induced by deliriants.]]

~~The term deliriant was introduced by David F. Duncan and Robert S. Gold to distinguish these drugs from~~ [[~~psychedelic~~]]~~s and~~ [[~~dissociative]]s such as [[LSD~~]] and [[~~ketamine~~]] ~~respectively, due to their primary effect~~ of ~~causing delirium, as opposed to~~ the ~~more lucid states produced by other types~~ of ~~[[hallucinogen]].<ref>Duncan, D. F., and Gold, R. S. (1982). Drugs and the Whole Person. New York: John Wiley & Sons</ref> The term is generally used to refer to anticholinergic drugs~~.

'''Deliriants''' are a subclass of [[hallucinogens]]. They display a unique property in that they easily produce solid hallucinations which integrate seamlessly into waking consciousness, similar to fully formed dreams or delusions. In contrast, classical [[psychedelics]] and [[dissociatives]] have progressive levels of multiple all-encompassing sensory effects before reaching the level of concrete hallucination.

Despite the fully legal status of several common deliriant plants and ~~drugs~~, ~~substances which fall under this class~~ are ~~largely unpopular~~ as recreational ~~drugs~~ due to the severe and unpleasant nature of the hallucinations ~~produced~~.<ref>Grinspoon, ~~Lester and~~ Bakalar, ~~James~~ B. (1997). Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered~~. The~~ Lindesmith Center</ref> In addition to their potentially dangerous mental effects (accidents during deliriant experiences are common),<ref>Datura Items | http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/mu/datura.html</ref> certain deliriants are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses.<ref>~~Kathleen~~ M ~~Beaver~~, ~~Thomas J~~ Gavin, Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine~~, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume~~ 16~~, Issue~~ 5, September 1998~~, Pages 505-507, ISSN 0735-6757,~~ 10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90003-1~~. (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675798900031~~</ref>

The term deliriant was introduced by David F. Duncan and Robert S. Gold to distinguish these substances from [[psychedelics]] and [[dissociatives]], due to their primary effect of causing delirium (as opposed to the more lucid states produced by other types of [[hallucinogens]]).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Duncan, D.)), ((Gold, R.)) | date= 1982 | title=Drugs and the Whole Person | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | url=http://archive.org/details/drugswholeperson00dunc | isbn=9780471041207}}

</ref> The term is generally used to refer to anticholinergic drugs.

Despite the fully legal status of several common deliriant plants and substances, they are not popular as recreational substances due to the severe and unpleasant nature of the hallucinations they produce.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Grinspoon, L.)), ((Bakalar, J. B.)) | date= 1997 | title=Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered | publisher=Lindesmith Center | isbn=9780964156852}}</ref>

In addition to their potentially dangerous mental effects (accidents during deliriant experiences are common),<ref>Datura Items | http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/mu/datura.html</ref> certain deliriants are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Beaver, K. M.)), ((Gavin, T. J.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine | volume=16 | issue=5 | pages=505–507 | date= September 1998 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735675798900031 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90003-1}}</ref>

Use and experimentation with deliriants is generally discouraged due to their questionable safety profile. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.

==Method of action==

Deliriants work via anticholinergic activity and their [[antagonist|antagonistic]] action on [[acetylcholine]] receptors. Inhibition through this mechanism leads to decreased levels of acetylcholine, causing delirium, sedation, tachycardia and intensely realistic hallucinations. However, the precise role of these interactions and how they result in the deliriant experience continues to remain elusive.

It is theorized that [[choline|cholinergics]] (such as [[racetams]]) can provide relief from the mechanisms of anticholinergics,<ref>The use of a scopolamine model to study the potential nootropic effects of aniracetam and piracetam in healthy volunteers. | ~~http://www~~.~~ncbi.nlm.nih.gov~~/~~pubmed/22281851~~</ref> such as reversing their [[Amnesia|amnesiatic]] and [[psychosis]]-inducing effects. This is possible by restoring ~~typical~~ concentrations of acetylcholine.<ref>Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia and alterations in energy metabolism by the nootropic piracetam: implications regarding identification of brain structures involved in consolidation of memory traces. | ~~http://www~~.~~ncbi.nlm.nih.gov~~/~~pubmed/3690290~~</ref><ref>Effects of acute doses of oxiracetam in the scopolamine model of human amnesia. | ~~http://www~~.~~ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed~~/~~7870912~~</ref>

It is theorized that [[choline|cholinergics]] (such as [[racetams]]) can provide relief from the mechanisms of anticholinergics,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wesnes, K.)), ((Anand, R.)), ((Simpson, P.)), ((Christmas, L.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) | title=The use of a scopolamine model to study the potential nootropic effects of aniracetam and piracetam in healthy volunteers | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=219–232 | date= January 1990 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/026988119000400406}}</ref> such as reversing their [[Amnesia|amnesiatic]] and [[psychosis]]-inducing effects. This is possible by restoring sufficient concentrations of [[acetylcholine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Piercey, M. F.)), ((Vogelsang, G. D.)), ((Franklin, S. R.)), ((Tang, A. H.)) | journal=Brain Research | title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia and alterations in energy metabolism by the nootropic piracetam: implications regarding identification of brain structures involved in consolidation of memory traces | volume=424 | issue=1 | pages=1–9 | date=20 October 1987 | issn=0006-8993 | doi=10.1016/0006-8993(87)91186-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preda, L.)), ((Alberoni, M.)), ((Bressi, S.)), ((Cattaneo, C.)), ((Parini, J.)), ((Canal, N.)), ((Franceschi, M.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Effects of acute doses of oxiracetam in the scopolamine model of human amnesia | volume=110 | issue=4 | pages=421–426 | date= 1993 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/BF02244648}}</ref>

In contrast, [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have a reverse effect by inhibiting ~~acetylcholine esterate~~, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine. This leads to ~~increase in~~ levels of acetylcholine, and, in turn, improved cognition and stimulation; as a result, both [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have an inhibitory effect on deliriants.

In contrast, [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have a reverse effect by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine. This leads to increased levels of acetylcholine, and, in turn, improved cognition and stimulation; as a result, both [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have an inhibitory effect on deliriants.

==Subjective effects==

<h3 class="panel-header">Visual effects [[File:Eye.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

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<h4 class="media-heading">Distortions</h4>

*[[~~3-Dimensional textures~~]]

*[[Object alterations]]

*[[Visual drifting|Drifting]]

*[[Visual haze]]

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</div>

<h3 class="panel-header">Physical effects [[File:Child.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

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<li

class="featured list-item">

<h4 class="media-heading">Enhancements</h4>

*[[Perception of ~~increased weight~~]]

*[[Perception of bodily heaviness]]

*[[Tactile enhancement]]

</li>

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</div>

<h3 class="panel-header">Cognitive effects [[File:User.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>

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*[[Emotion suppression]]

*[[Focus suppression]]

*[[~~Information processing~~ suppression]]

*[[Analysis suppression]]

*[[Language suppression]]

*[[Memory suppression]]

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<h4 class="media-heading">Novel states</h4>

*[[Cognitive dysphoria]]

*[[Delusions]]

*[[Delusion|Delusions]]

*[[Depression]]

*[[Depersonalization]]

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*[[Auditory hallucinations]]

*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]

*[[Auditory suppression]]

*[[Auditory enhancement|Auditory Enhancement]]

</li>

</ul>

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==Pharmacological classes==

<h3 class="panel-header">Examples </h3>

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<h4 class="media-heading">[[Tropane alkaloid]]s</h4>

* [[Atropine]]

*[[Atropine]]

* [[Hyoscyamine]]

*[[Hyoscyamine]]

* [[Scopolamine]]

*[[Scopolamine]]

</li>

<h4 class="media-heading">[[Antihistamine]]s</h4>

* [[Dimenhydrinate]]

*[[Dimenhydrinate]]

* [[Diphenhydramine]]

*[[Diphenhydramine]]

* [[Doxylamine]]

*[[Doxylamine]]

</li>

<h4 class="media-heading">Others</h4>

* [[Benzydamine]]

*[[Benzydamine]]

* [[Elemicin]]

*[[Elemicin]]

* [[Mirtazapine]]

*[[Mirtazapine]]

* [[Myristicin]]

*[[Myristicin]]

*[[Pentoxyverine]]

*[[Biperiden]]

*[[Trihexyphenidyl]]

</li>

<h4 class="media-heading">Plants and Entheogens</h4>

* [[Datura]]

*[[Datura]]

* [[Brugmansia (botany)|Brugmansia]]

*[[Brugmansia (botany)|Brugmansia]]

* [[Atropa belladonna (botany)|Atropa belladonna]]

*[[Atropa belladonna (botany)|Atropa belladonna]]

* [[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]

*[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]

* [[Mandragora officinarum (botany)|Mandragora officinarum (Mandrake)]]

*[[Mandragora officinarum (botany)|Mandragora officinarum (Mandrake)]]

</li>

</ul>

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</div>

==~~References~~==

==See also==

~~<references />~~

~~==See also==~~

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Hallucinogens]]

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*[[Dissociatives]]

[[Category:~~Substances~~]]

==References==

[[Category:Psychoactive class]]

[[Category:Deliriant|*]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:deliriants.png|300px|right|thumb|''Deliriants by [[Anonymous]] [http://boards.420chan.org/del/ DEL] user'' - This image represents the sinister [[external hallucination]]s commonly induced by deliriants.]]
+{{headerpanel|{{Warning/Deliriants}}}}
-'''Deliriants''' are a class of [[Hallucinogens|hallucinogen]] that are unique in that, even with lower doses, they offer solid hallucinations which display themselves seamlessly into waking consciousness, similar to fully formed dreams or delusions. In contrast, classical [[psychedelic]]s and [[dissociative]]s have progressive levels of multiple all-encompassing sensory effects before reaching the level of concrete hallucination.
+[[File:deliriants.png|300px|right|thumb|''Deliriants by [[Anonymous]] [http://boards.420chan.org/deli/ DEL] user'' - This image represents the sinister [[external hallucination]]s commonly induced by deliriants.]]
-The term deliriant was introduced by David F. Duncan and Robert S. Gold to distinguish these drugs from [[psychedelic]]s and [[dissociative]]s such as [[LSD]] and [[ketamine]] respectively, due to their primary effect of causing delirium, as opposed to the more lucid states produced by other types of [[hallucinogen]].<ref>Duncan, D. F., and Gold, R. S. (1982). Drugs and the Whole Person. New York: John Wiley & Sons</ref> The term is generally used to refer to anticholinergic drugs.
+'''Deliriants''' are a subclass of [[hallucinogens]]. They display a unique property in that they easily produce solid hallucinations which integrate seamlessly into waking consciousness, similar to fully formed dreams or delusions. In contrast, classical [[psychedelics]] and [[dissociatives]] have progressive levels of multiple all-encompassing sensory effects before reaching the level of concrete hallucination.
-Despite the fully legal status of several common deliriant plants and drugs, substances which fall under this class are largely unpopular as recreational drugs due to the severe and unpleasant nature of the hallucinations produced.<ref>Grinspoon, Lester and Bakalar, James B. (1997). Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered. The Lindesmith Center</ref> In addition to their potentially dangerous mental effects (accidents during deliriant experiences are common),<ref>Datura Items | http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/mu/datura.html</ref> certain deliriants are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses.<ref>Kathleen M Beaver, Thomas J Gavin, Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Volume 16, Issue 5, September 1998, Pages 505-507, ISSN 0735-6757, 10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90003-1. (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675798900031</ref>
+The term deliriant was introduced by David F. Duncan and Robert S. Gold to distinguish these substances from [[psychedelics]] and [[dissociatives]], due to their primary effect of causing delirium (as opposed to the more lucid states produced by other types of [[hallucinogens]]).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Duncan, D.)), ((Gold, R.)) | date= 1982 | title=Drugs and the Whole Person | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | url=http://archive.org/details/drugswholeperson00dunc | isbn=9780471041207}}
+</ref> The term is generally used to refer to anticholinergic drugs.
+Despite the fully legal status of several common deliriant plants and substances, they are not popular as recreational substances due to the severe and unpleasant nature of the hallucinations they produce.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Grinspoon, L.)), ((Bakalar, J. B.)) | date= 1997 | title=Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered | publisher=Lindesmith Center | isbn=9780964156852}}</ref>
+In addition to their potentially dangerous mental effects (accidents during deliriant experiences are common),<ref>Datura Items | http://www.lycaeum.org/mv/mu/datura.html</ref> certain deliriants are poisonous and can cause death due to tachycardia-induced heart failure and hyperthermia even in small doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Beaver, K. M.)), ((Gavin, T. J.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Treatment of acute anticholinergic poisoning with physostigmine | volume=16 | issue=5 | pages=505–507 | date= September 1998 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735675798900031 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/S0735-6757(98)90003-1}}</ref>
+Use and experimentation with deliriants is generally discouraged due to their questionable safety profile. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using these substances.
 ==Method of action==
 Deliriants work via anticholinergic activity and their [[antagonist|antagonistic]] action on [[acetylcholine]] receptors. Inhibition through this mechanism leads to decreased levels of acetylcholine, causing delirium, sedation, tachycardia and intensely realistic hallucinations. However, the precise role of these interactions and how they result in the deliriant experience continues to remain elusive.
-It is theorized that [[choline|cholinergics]] (such as [[racetams]]) can provide relief from the mechanisms of anticholinergics,<ref>The use of a scopolamine model to study the potential nootropic effects of aniracetam and piracetam in healthy volunteers. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281851</ref> such as reversing their [[Amnesia|amnesiatic]] and [[psychosis]]-inducing effects. This is possible by restoring typical concentrations of acetylcholine.<ref>Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia and alterations in energy metabolism by the nootropic piracetam: implications regarding identification of brain structures involved in consolidation of memory traces. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3690290</ref><ref>Effects of acute doses of oxiracetam in the scopolamine model of human amnesia. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7870912</ref>
+It is theorized that [[choline|cholinergics]] (such as [[racetams]]) can provide relief from the mechanisms of anticholinergics,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wesnes, K.)), ((Anand, R.)), ((Simpson, P.)), ((Christmas, L.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) | title=The use of a scopolamine model to study the potential nootropic effects of aniracetam and piracetam in healthy volunteers | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=219–232 | date= January 1990 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/026988119000400406}}</ref> such as reversing their [[Amnesia|amnesiatic]] and [[psychosis]]-inducing effects. This is possible by restoring sufficient concentrations of [[acetylcholine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Piercey, M. F.)), ((Vogelsang, G. D.)), ((Franklin, S. R.)), ((Tang, A. H.)) | journal=Brain Research | title=Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia and alterations in energy metabolism by the nootropic piracetam: implications regarding identification of brain structures involved in consolidation of memory traces | volume=424 | issue=1 | pages=1–9 | date=20 October 1987 | issn=0006-8993 | doi=10.1016/0006-8993(87)91186-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preda, L.)), ((Alberoni, M.)), ((Bressi, S.)), ((Cattaneo, C.)), ((Parini, J.)), ((Canal, N.)), ((Franceschi, M.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Effects of acute doses of oxiracetam in the scopolamine model of human amnesia | volume=110 | issue=4 | pages=421–426 | date= 1993 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/BF02244648}}</ref>
-In contrast, [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have a reverse effect by inhibiting acetylcholine esterate, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine. This leads to increase in levels of acetylcholine, and, in turn, improved cognition and stimulation; as a result, both [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have an inhibitory effect on deliriants.
+In contrast, [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have a reverse effect by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine. This leads to increased levels of acetylcholine, and, in turn, improved cognition and stimulation; as a result, both [[cannabis]] and [[caffeine]] have an inhibitory effect on deliriants.
 ==Subjective effects==
 {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
-<div class='flex-panel'>
+<div class="flex-panel">
-     <div class='flex-column'>
+     <div class="flex-column">
 		<div class="panel radius">
 			<h3 class="panel-header">Visual effects [[File:Eye.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>
@@ Line 33: / Line 40: @@
 				<li class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">Distortions</h4>
-*[[3-Dimensional textures]]
+*[[Object alterations]]
 *[[Visual drifting|Drifting]]
 *[[Visual haze]]
@@ Line 55: / Line 62: @@
 	</div>
-     <div class='flex-column'>
+     <div class="flex-column">
 		<div class="panel radius">
 			<h3 class="panel-header">Physical effects [[File:Child.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>
@@ Line 61: / Line 68: @@
 			<ul class="featured-table">
-				<li
+				<li class="featured list-item">
-class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">Enhancements</h4>
-*[[Perception of increased weight]]
+*[[Perception of bodily heaviness]]
 *[[Tactile enhancement]]
 				</li>
@@ Line 115: / Line 121: @@
 	</div>
-	<div class='flex-column'>
+	<div class="flex-column">
 		<div class="panel radius">
 			<h3 class="panel-header">Cognitive effects [[File:User.svg|x20px|right|link=]]</h3>
@@ Line 137: / Line 143: @@
 *[[Emotion suppression]]
 *[[Focus suppression]]
-*[[Information processing suppression]]
+*[[Analysis suppression]]
 *[[Language suppression]]
 *[[Memory suppression]]
@@ Line 149: / Line 155: @@
 <h4 class="media-heading">Novel states</h4>
 *[[Cognitive dysphoria]]
-*[[Delusions]]
+*[[Delusion|Delusions]]
 *[[Depression]]
 *[[Depersonalization]]
@@ Line 165: / Line 171: @@
 			<ul class="featured-table">
 				<li class="featured list-item">
-*[[Auditory hallucinations]]
+*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
 *[[Auditory suppression]]
+*[[Auditory enhancement|Auditory Enhancement]]
 				</li>
 			</ul>
@@ Line 174: / Line 181: @@
 ==Pharmacological classes==
-<div class='flex-panel'>
+<div class="flex-panel">
-     <div class='flex-column'>
+     <div class="flex-column">
 		<div class="panel radius">
 			<h3 class="panel-header">Examples </h3>
@@ Line 182: / Line 189: @@
 				<li class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">[[Tropane alkaloid]]s</h4>
-* [[Atropine]]
+*[[Atropine]]
-* [[Hyoscyamine]]
+*[[Hyoscyamine]]
-* [[Scopolamine]]
+*[[Scopolamine]]
 				</li>
 				<li class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">[[Antihistamine]]s</h4>
-* [[Dimenhydrinate]]
+*[[Dimenhydrinate]]
-* [[Diphenhydramine]]
+*[[Diphenhydramine]]
-* [[Doxylamine]]
+*[[Doxylamine]]
 				</li>
 				<li class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">Others</h4>
-* [[Benzydamine]]
+*[[Benzydamine]]
-* [[Elemicin]]
+*[[Elemicin]]
-* [[Mirtazapine]]
+*[[Mirtazapine]]
-* [[Myristicin]]
+*[[Myristicin]]
+*[[Pentoxyverine]]
+*[[Biperiden]]
+*[[Trihexyphenidyl]]
 				</li>
 				<li class="featured list-item">
 <h4 class="media-heading">Plants and Entheogens</h4>
-* [[Datura]]
+*[[Datura]]
-* [[Brugmansia (botany)|Brugmansia]]
+*[[Brugmansia (botany)|Brugmansia]]
-* [[Atropa belladonna (botany)|Atropa belladonna]]
+*[[Atropa belladonna (botany)|Atropa belladonna]]
-* [[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]
+*[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]
-* [[Mandragora officinarum (botany)|Mandragora officinarum (Mandrake)]]
+*[[Mandragora officinarum (botany)|Mandragora officinarum (Mandrake)]]
 				</li>
 			</ul>
@@ Line 215: / Line 225: @@
 </div>
-==References==
+==See also==
-<references />
-==See also==
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Hallucinogens]]
@@ Line 224: / Line 232: @@
 *[[Dissociatives]]
-[[Category:Substances]]
+==References==
+<references />
+[[Category:Psychoactive class]]
+[[Category:Deliriant|*]]
+{{#set:Featured=true}}