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Methamphetamine: Difference between revisions

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*Increasing the activity and expression of the [[dopamine]]-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
*Increasing the activity and expression of the [[dopamine]]-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)


In addition to releasing potent amounts of monoamines, MA has a high lipid solubility which leads to a relatively fast transfer of the drug across the blood-brain barrier and a quick onset in comparison to other [[stimulant]]s.<ref name="Barr2006" /> All of this results in feelings of reward, euphoria, and stimulation as well as an unpleasant offset.
In addition to releasing potent amounts of monoamines, Methamphetamine has a high lipid solubility which leads to a relatively fast transfer of the drug across the blood-brain barrier and a quick onset in comparison to other [[stimulant]]s.<ref name="Barr2006" /> All of this results in feelings of reward, euphoria, and stimulation as well as an unpleasant offset.


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
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*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Methamphetamine can potentially leave a very distinct odor within one's urine, sweat and general bodily secretions. Most people would consider it as unpleaseant, but few people do enjoy it and find it a very pleaseant odor.
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]''' - Methamphetamine can potentially leave a very distinct odor within one's urine, sweat and general bodily secretions. Most people would consider it as unpleasant, but few people do enjoy it and find it a very pleasant odor.
*'''[[Effect::Bronchodilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Bronchodilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
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}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[Experience index|experience index]] include:  
{{Experience reports|Methamphetamine|https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Methamphetamine.shtml}}


*[[Experience:Methamphetamine (20-40 mg insufflated) + cannabis - Hallucinatory Overdose]]
==Toxicity and harm potential==
 
[[File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Table from the 2010 ISCD study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Methamphetamine was found to be the fourth overall most dangerous drug.<ref name="Nutt_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD | title = Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis | journal = Lancet | volume = 376 | issue = 9752 | pages = 1558–1565 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21036393 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 | s2cid = 5667719 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.1283 }}</ref>]]
Additional experience reports can be found here:
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Methamphetamine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Methamphetamine]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
===Neurotoxicity===
===Neurotoxicity===
There is evidence that methamphetamine causes brain damage from long-term use in humans; this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in gray matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nie, L.)), ((Zhao, Z.)), ((Wen, X.)), ((Luo, W.)), ((Ju, T.)), ((Ren, A.)), ((Wu, B.)), ((Li, J.)) | journal=BMC psychiatry | title=Gray-matter structure in long-term abstinent methamphetamine users | volume=20 | issue=1 | pages=158 | date=10 April 2020 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02567-3}}</ref>
There is evidence that methamphetamine causes brain damage from long-term use in humans; this damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in gray matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nie, L.)), ((Zhao, Z.)), ((Wen, X.)), ((Luo, W.)), ((Ju, T.)), ((Ren, A.)), ((Wu, B.)), ((Li, J.)) | journal=BMC psychiatry | title=Gray-matter structure in long-term abstinent methamphetamine users | volume=20 | issue=1 | pages=158 | date=10 April 2020 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02567-3}}</ref>
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==Legal status==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
The production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many jurisdictions.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/ATS.pdf</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref> Methamphetamine has been placed in Schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref>
The production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or illegal in many jurisdictions.<ref>http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/ATS.pdf</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref> Methamphetamine has been placed in Schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref>


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*'''Brazil''': Methamphetamine is a Class F2 prohibited psychoactive substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451</ref>
*'''Brazil''': Methamphetamine is a Class F2 prohibited psychoactive substance.<ref>https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-804-de-24-de-julho-de-2023-498447451</ref>
*'''Canada''': Methamphetamine is listed on the CDSA as a schedule I substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-13.html#docCont|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act - SCHEDULE I|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Canada''': Methamphetamine is listed on the CDSA as a schedule I substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-13.html#docCont|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act - SCHEDULE I|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Czech Republic''': Methamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance.<ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463</ref>
*'''France''': Methamphetamine is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': Methamphetamine was added to the Opiumgesetz (''Opium Act'') on July 1, 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html|title=The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers|publisher=Spiegel Online|date=May 6, 2005|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> It is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of March 1, 2008. Before that, it could be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form because it was in Anlage III (''Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl108s0246.pdf%27%5D|title=Einundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': Methamphetamine was added to the Opiumgesetz (''Opium Act'') on July 1, 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/the-nazi-death-machine-hitler-s-drugged-soldiers-a-354606.html|title=The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers|publisher=Spiegel Online|date=May 6, 2005|access-date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> It is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of March 1, 2008. Before that, it could be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form because it was in Anlage III (''Schedule III'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl108s0246.pdf%27%5D|title=Einundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 23, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Japan''': Methamphetamine is prohibited under the "Amphetamines Control Law" of 1954.<ref>{{Citation | title=UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1957 Issue 3 - 002 | url=//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1957-01-01_3_page003.html}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands''': Methamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01|title=Opiumwet|publisher=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=nl}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands''': Methamphetamine is a List I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2009-07-01|title=Opiumwet|publisher=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=nl}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': Methamphetamine is a Class A controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436576.html|title=Schedule 1 - Class A controlled drugs|publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office}}</ref>
*'''Poland''': Methamphetamine is a Group II-P controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Ustawa z dnia 24 kwietnia 2015 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. z 2015 r. poz. 875).
  | url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20150000875}}</ref>
*'''South Korea''': Methamphetamine is prohibited in South Korea in compliance with the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en</ref>
*'''Sweden''': Methamphetamine is classified as a drug by the United Nations and is included in list P II in the 1971 Psychotropic Convention, as well as in list II in Sweden.<ref>https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/lagar-och-regler/foreskrifter/2011-10-konsoliderad</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Methamphetamine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Methamphetamine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': Methamphetamine is a Class A drug as of 18 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs|title=Corporate report - Controlled Drugs|publisher=Government Digital Service|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': Methamphetamine is a Class A drug as of 18 January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs|title=Corporate report - Controlled Drugs|publisher=Government Digital Service|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Czech Republic''': Methamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance.<ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463</ref>
*'''United States''': Methamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | http://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/ucm148726.htm</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Methamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]
*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/meth/meth.shtml Methamphetamine (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2002 Methamphetamine (Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2002 Methamphetamine (Isomer Design)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01577 Methamphetamine (DrugBank)]
*[https://www.drugs.com/methamphetamine.html Methamphetamine (Drugs.com)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Methamphetamine Methamphetamine (Drugs-Forum)]


==References==
==References==
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Methamphetamine"