Cannabis: Difference between revisions

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*Cannabinoid ratios: On average, ''Cannabis indica'' has higher levels of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] compared to [[Cannabidiol|CBD]], whereas ''Cannabis sativa'' has lower levels of THC to CBD.<ref name="Hillig">{{cite journal |author1=Karl W. Hillig |author2=Paul G. Mahlberg |year=2004 |title=A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in ''Cannabis'' (Cannabaceae) |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=966–975 |pmid=21653452 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.6.966|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, huge variability exists within either species. A 2015 study shows the average THC content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Niesink RJ, Rigter S, Koeter MW, Brunt TM |title=Potency trends of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005-15 |journal=Addiction |volume=110 |issue=12 |pages=1941–50 |year=2015 |doi=10.1111/add.13082 |pmid=26234170}}</ref>

*Terpene ratios: Sativa ancestry is associated with farnesene and ~~bergamotene~~, while Indica ancestry is associated with myrcene, elemene, and sesquiterpene alcohols.

*Terpene ratios: Sativa ancestry is associated with farnesene and [ergamotene, while Indica ancestry is associated with myrcene, elemene, and sesquiterpene alcohols.

=====Criticism=====

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===Trauma===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Cannabis_use_and_trauma Cannabis~~ use and trauma] are linked, with trauma playing a role in encouraging both the use and potential misuse of cannabis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyman SM, Sinha R | title = Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: implications for prevention and treatment | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 400–13 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19004601 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.08.005 | pmc = 2696937 }}</ref> Conversely, cannabis use has been associated with the intensity of trauma and PTSD symptoms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonn-Miller MO, Vujanovic AA, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ | title = Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 577–86 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17721963 | doi = 10.1002/jts.20243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller MO, Belendiuk K, Carney DM, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz EC | title = Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample | journal = Psychology of Addictive Behaviors | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 633–8 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26415060 | doi = 10.1037/adb0000110 | pmc = 4699174 }}</ref> While evidence of efficacious use of cannabis is growing in novelty, it is not currently recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 995–1010 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31672337 | doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30401-8 | pmc = 6949116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dagan Y, Yager J | title = Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review With Considerations of Benefits and Harms | journal = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 208 | issue = 8 | pages = 619–627 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32433200 | doi = 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172 | s2cid = 218766009 }}</ref>

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_traumaCannabis use and trauma] are linked, with trauma playing a role in encouraging both the use and potential misuse of cannabis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyman SM, Sinha R | title = Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: implications for prevention and treatment | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 400–13 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19004601 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.08.005 | pmc = 2696937 }}</ref> Conversely, cannabis use has been associated with the intensity of trauma and PTSD symptoms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonn-Miller MO, Vujanovic AA, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ | title = Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 577–86 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17721963 | doi = 10.1002/jts.20243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller MO, Belendiuk K, Carney DM, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz EC | title = Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample | journal = Psychology of Addictive Behaviors | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 633–8 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26415060 | doi = 10.1037/adb0000110 | pmc = 4699174 }}</ref> While evidence of efficacious use of cannabis is growing in novelty, it is not currently recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 995–1010 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31672337 | doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30401-8 | pmc = 6949116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dagan Y, Yager J | title = Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review With Considerations of Benefits and Harms | journal = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 208 | issue = 8 | pages = 619–627 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32433200 | doi = 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172 | s2cid = 218766009 }}</ref>

===Lethal dosage===

@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 *Cannabinoid ratios: On average, ''Cannabis indica'' has higher levels of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] compared to [[Cannabidiol|CBD]], whereas ''Cannabis sativa'' has lower levels of THC to CBD.<ref name="Hillig">{{cite journal |author1=Karl W. Hillig |author2=Paul G. Mahlberg |year=2004 |title=A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in ''Cannabis'' (Cannabaceae) |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=966–975 |pmid=21653452 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.6.966|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, huge variability exists within either species. A 2015 study shows the average THC content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Niesink RJ, Rigter S, Koeter MW, Brunt TM |title=Potency trends of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005-15 |journal=Addiction |volume=110 |issue=12 |pages=1941–50 |year=2015 |doi=10.1111/add.13082 |pmid=26234170}}</ref>
-*Terpene ratios: Sativa ancestry is associated with farnesene and bergamotene, while Indica ancestry is associated with myrcene, elemene, and sesquiterpene alcohols.
+*Terpene ratios: Sativa ancestry is associated with farnesene and [ergamotene, while Indica ancestry is associated with myrcene, elemene, and sesquiterpene alcohols.
 =====Criticism=====
@@ Line 279: / Line 279: @@
 ===Trauma===
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma Cannabis use and trauma] are linked, with trauma playing a role in encouraging both the use and potential misuse of cannabis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyman SM, Sinha R | title = Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: implications for prevention and treatment | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 400–13 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19004601 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.08.005 | pmc = 2696937 }}</ref> Conversely, cannabis use has been associated with the intensity of trauma and PTSD symptoms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonn-Miller MO, Vujanovic AA, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ | title = Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 577–86 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17721963 | doi = 10.1002/jts.20243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller MO, Belendiuk K, Carney DM, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz EC | title = Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample | journal = Psychology of Addictive Behaviors | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 633–8 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26415060 | doi = 10.1037/adb0000110 | pmc = 4699174 }}</ref> While evidence of efficacious use of cannabis is growing in novelty, it is not currently recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 995–1010 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31672337 | doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30401-8 | pmc = 6949116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dagan Y, Yager J | title = Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review With Considerations of Benefits and Harms | journal = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 208 | issue = 8 | pages = 619–627 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32433200 | doi = 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172 | s2cid = 218766009 }}</ref>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_traumaCannabis use and trauma] are linked, with trauma playing a role in encouraging both the use and potential misuse of cannabis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hyman SM, Sinha R | title = Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: implications for prevention and treatment | journal = Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 400–13 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19004601 | doi = 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.08.005 | pmc = 2696937 }}</ref> Conversely, cannabis use has been associated with the intensity of trauma and PTSD symptoms.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bonn-Miller MO, Vujanovic AA, Feldner MT, Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ | title = Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event-exposed marijuana users | journal = Journal of Traumatic Stress | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 577–86 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17721963 | doi = 10.1002/jts.20243 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kevorkian S, Bonn-Miller MO, Belendiuk K, Carney DM, Roberson-Nay R, Berenz EC | title = Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample | journal = Psychology of Addictive Behaviors | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 633–8 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26415060 | doi = 10.1037/adb0000110 | pmc = 4699174 }}</ref> While evidence of efficacious use of cannabis is growing in novelty, it is not currently recommended.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L | display-authors = 6 | title = Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Psychiatry | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 995–1010 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31672337 | doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30401-8 | pmc = 6949116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dagan Y, Yager J | title = Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review With Considerations of Benefits and Harms | journal = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 208 | issue = 8 | pages = 619–627 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32433200 | doi = 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172 | s2cid = 218766009 }}</ref>
 ===Lethal dosage===