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==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
Theobromine was first discovered in 1841[4] in cacao beans by Russian chemist Aleksandr Voskresensky.[5] Synthesis of theobromine from xanthine was first reported in 1882 by Hermann Emil Fischer.[6][7][8] | |||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
It is classified as a xanthine alkaloid (more specifically, a methylxanthine),[3] others of which include theophylline and caffeine.[2] Caffeine differs from these compounds in that it has an extra methyl group (see under Pharmacology section). | |||
==Pharmacology== | |||
Theobromine is a slightly water-soluble (330 mg/L), crystalline, bitter powder. Theobromine is white or colourless, but commercial samples can be yellowish.[2] Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline, as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine.[2]==Pharmacology== | |||
{{pharmacology}} | {{pharmacology}} | ||
Even without dietary intake, theobromine may occur in the body as it is a product of the human metabolism of caffeine, which is metabolised in the liver into 12% theobromine, 4% theophylline, and 84% paraxanthine.[20] | |||
In the liver, theobromine is metabolized into xanthine and subsequently into methyluric acid.[21] Important enzymes include CYP1A2 and CYP2E1.[22] | |||
"The main mechanism of action for methylxanthines has long been established as an inhibition of adenosine receptors".[2] Its effect as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor[23] is thought to be small.[2] | |||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobromine[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]] | |||
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]] | |||