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Heroin: Difference between revisions

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====Hallucinatory states====
====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - One may experience a state of semi-consciousness and [[hypnagogia]] during heavy dosage nodding which results in dream-like states and up to level 3 [[Lucid_dreaming#Internally_sourced_sensory_input|imagery]]. This is often accompanied by ill-defined [[geometry]].
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - One may experience a state of semi-consciousness and [[hypnagogia]] during heavy dosage nodding which results in dream-like states and up to level 3 [[Lucid_dreaming#Internally_sourced_sensory_input|imagery]]. This is often accompanied by ill-defined [[geometry]].
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{{effects/auditory|
{{effects/auditory|
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Like many other opioids, unadulterated heroin at appropriate dosages does not cause many long-term complications other than physical and psychological dependence and [[constipation]]. Outside of the extremely powerful addiction and physical dependence, the harmful or toxic aspects of opioid usage are exclusively associated with not taking [[responsible use|the necessary precautions]] in regards to [[injected|its administration]], [[dosage|overdosing]] and using impure heroin products that contain harmful additives.  
Like many other opioids, unadulterated heroin at appropriate dosages does not cause many long-term complications other than physical and psychological dependence and [[constipation]]. Outside of the extremely powerful addiction and physical dependence, the harmful or toxic aspects of opioid usage are exclusively associated with not taking [[responsible use|the necessary precautions]] in regards to [[injected|its administration]], [[dosage|overdosing]] and using impure heroin products that contain harmful additives.  


==== Bodily harm ====
Many opioid drugs, especially oxycodone and [[heroin]], are known to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoxicity ototoxic], causing hearing loss, tinnitus and balance issues. In some cases the damage can be irreversible.<ref>Opioid-Associated Hearing Loss: A 20-Year Review from the New Jersey Poison Center https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32468345/</ref>
Opioids can cause [[Difficulty urinating|urinary retention, or difficulty urinating]] and [[constipation]] with chronic and repeated use. Some users find relief in blowing hard into their palm or doing squats before using the toilet, as this compresses core muscles onto the bladder.
===Overdose & lethality===
Heavy dosages of heroin can result in severe [[respiratory depression]] which can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of anoxia (oxygen deprivation). This occurs because the breathing reflex is suppressed by [[agonists|agonism]] of [[µ-opioid receptors]] - this effect is proportional to the dosage of the substance consumed.  
Heavy dosages of heroin can result in severe [[respiratory depression]] which can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of anoxia (oxygen deprivation). This occurs because the breathing reflex is suppressed by [[agonists|agonism]] of [[µ-opioid receptors]] - this effect is proportional to the dosage of the substance consumed.  


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It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose (especially due to the unusually high risk of an overdose this substance presents.)
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the administration of the intended dose (especially due to the unusually high risk of an overdose this substance presents.)
====Bodily harm====
Many opioid drugs, especially oxycodone and [[heroin]], are known to be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoxicity ototoxic], causing hearing loss, tinnitus and balance issues. In some cases the damage can be irreversible.<ref>Opioid-Associated Hearing Loss: A 20-Year Review from the New Jersey Poison Center https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32468345/</ref>


Opioids can cause [[Difficulty urinating|urinary retention, or difficulty urinating]] and [[constipation]] with chronic and repeated use. Some users find relief in blowing hard into their palm or doing squats before using the toilet, as this compresses core muscles onto the bladder.
===Dependence and abuse potential===
===Dependence and abuse potential===
As with other [[opioids]], the chronic use of heroin can be considered [[Addiction potential::extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological and physical dependence among certain users. When psychological or physical addiction has developed, mental and physical [[Opioids#Discontinuation|withdrawal symptoms]] and cravings may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
As with other [[opioids]], the chronic use of heroin can be considered extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological and physical dependence among certain users. When psychological or physical addiction has developed, mental and physical [[Opioids#Discontinuation|withdrawal symptoms]] and cravings may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.


Tolerance to many of the effects of heroin [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same psychoactive effects of a previously lower dose. After heroin tolerance has developed, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Heroin presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other [[opioids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of heroin all [[opioid]]s will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to many of the effects of heroin [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same psychoactive effects of a previously lower dose. After heroin tolerance has developed, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Heroin presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other [[opioids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of heroin all [[opioid]]s will have a reduced effect.
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin Heroin (Wikipedia)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin Heroin (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/heroin/heroin.shtml Heroin (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/heroin/heroin.shtml Heroin (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=9295 Heroin (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=9295 Heroin (Isomer Design)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01452 Heroin (DrugBank)]
*[https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01452 Heroin (DrugBank)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Heroin Heroin (Drugs-Forum)]
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Heroin Heroin (Drugs-Forum)]
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