Lophophora williamsii: Difference between revisions

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'''Lophophora williamsii''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>~~http~~:~~//www~~.~~ncbi~~.~~nlm~~.~~nih~~.~~gov/pubmed/5065448~~</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn ~~JG (October 2005~~)~~. "~~Prehistoric peyote use: ~~alkaloid~~ analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". ~~J Ethnopharmacol~~.</ref>

'''''Lophophora williamsii''''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fujita, M.)), ((Itokawa, H.)), ((Inoue, J.)), ((Nozu, Y.)), ((Goto, N.)) | journal=Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan | title=[On the cactus-alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (kobuki-ubadama)] | volume=92 | issue=4 | pages=482–489 | date= April 1972 | issn=0031-6903 | doi=10.1248/yakushi1947.92.4_482}}</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Seedi, H. R.)), ((Smet, P. A. G. M. D.)), ((Beck, O.)), ((Possnert, G.)), ((Bruhn, J. G.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Prehistoric peyote use: Alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas | volume=101 | issue=1–3 | pages=238–242 | date= October 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105002990 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The natural distribution area of L. williamsii lies in the Chihuahuan Desert in northeastern Mexico and southwest Texas (USA) with over 80% of the geographical area being Mexican territory. It reaches from Trans-Pecos Texas the most northern extent down south to San Luis Potosí (Mexico).<ref name=":0">Terry, Martin & Trout, Keeper & Williams, B. & Herrera, T. & Fowler, Norma. (2011). Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a south Texas population. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5. 661-675.</ref> It is hypothesized that [[mescaline]] contents follow a geographical gradient. Unfortunately, many populations are decreasing in number and size of individuals which is attributed to an apparently increased harvesting pressure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hulsey, Diana, et al. “Clinal geographic variation in mescaline concentration among Texas population of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae).” ''Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas'', vol. 5, no. 2, 2011, pp. 677–83.</ref> It is found at elevations of 100 to 1,500m and its habitat is desertscrub being commonly associated with limestone.<ref>Zimmerman, Allan D.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2006). "Lophophora williamsii". Flora of North America. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 242.</ref>

==Etymology==

The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>~~PEYOTE~~ (~~LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII~~) ~~AND PLANTS CONFUSED WITH IT by Richard Evans~~ , Harvard University (November ~~19,~~ 1937) | ~~http~~://www.~~jstor~~.org/~~stable~~/~~41762659~~</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>Peyote: ~~The Divine Cactus By Edward F. Anderson, Page 160~~</ref>

The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schultes, R. E.)) | journal=Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University | title=Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and Plants confused with it | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=61–88 | date=19 November 1937 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/295106 | issn=0006-8098 | doi=10.5962/p.295106}}</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Anderson, E. F.)) | date= 1996 | title=Peyote: the divine cactus | publisher=University of Arizona Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780816516537}}</ref>

==~~Alkaloids in different Lophophora species~~==

==External links==

According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. (The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.)</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].

~~{{Lophophora chart}}~~

~~==External links==~~

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Wikipedia)]

** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Wikipedia)]

*[https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]

** [https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]

*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Drugs-Forum)]

** [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Peyote.shtml Peyote experiences (Erowid)]

** [https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Drugs-Forum)]

==References==

~~[[Category:Botany]]~~

~~[[Category:Cactus]]~~

~~[[Category:Plant]]~~

[[Category:Lophophora (genus)]]

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 {{Warning/PeyoteHarvesting}}
 {{BotanyBox/Lophophora williamsii}}
-'''Lophophora williamsii''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5065448</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". J Ethnopharmacol.</ref>
+'''''Lophophora williamsii''''', also known as '''peyote''' or '''peyotel''', is a slow growing spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids like [[mescaline]] and [[pellotine]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fujita, M.)), ((Itokawa, H.)), ((Inoue, J.)), ((Nozu, Y.)), ((Goto, N.)) | journal=Yakugaku Zasshi: Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan | title=[On the cactus-alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii var. caespitosa (kobuki-ubadama)] | volume=92 | issue=4 | pages=482–489 | date= April 1972 | issn=0031-6903 | doi=10.1248/yakushi1947.92.4_482}}</ref> Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Seedi, H. R.)), ((Smet, P. A. G. M. D.)), ((Beck, O.)), ((Possnert, G.)), ((Bruhn, J. G.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Prehistoric peyote use: Alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas | volume=101 | issue=1–3 | pages=238–242 | date= October 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105002990 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022}}</ref>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
+The natural distribution area of L. williamsii lies in the Chihuahuan Desert in northeastern Mexico and southwest Texas (USA) with over 80% of the geographical area being Mexican territory. It reaches from Trans-Pecos Texas the most northern extent down south to San Luis Potosí (Mexico).<ref name=":0">Terry, Martin & Trout, Keeper & Williams, B. & Herrera, T. & Fowler, Norma. (2011). Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a south Texas population. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5. 661-675.</ref> It is hypothesized that [[mescaline]] contents follow a geographical gradient. Unfortunately, many populations are decreasing in number and size of individuals which is attributed to an apparently increased harvesting pressure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Hulsey, Diana, et al. “Clinal geographic variation in mescaline concentration among Texas population of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae).” ''Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas'', vol. 5, no. 2, 2011, pp. 677–83.</ref> It is found at elevations of 100 to 1,500m and its habitat is desertscrub being commonly associated with limestone.<ref>Zimmerman, Allan D.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2006). "Lophophora williamsii". Flora of North America. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 242.</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>PEYOTE (LOPHOPHORA WILLIAMSII) AND PLANTS CONFUSED WITH IT by Richard Evans , Harvard University (November 19, 1937) | http://www.jstor.org/stable/41762659</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>Peyote: The Divine Cactus By Edward F. Anderson, Page 160</ref>
+The word peyote is the Spanish form of the ancient Nahuatlan word '''peyotl'''. Some etymologist suggested that this word is derived from the aztec word "pepeyoni" (means to excite) or "pepeyon" (to activate).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schultes, R. E.)) | journal=Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University | title=Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and Plants confused with it | volume=5 | issue=5 | pages=61–88 | date=19 November 1937 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/295106 | issn=0006-8098 | doi=10.5962/p.295106}}</ref> de Molina claimed that it is derived from the Nahuatlan word "peyutl" which means "silk cocoon or caterpillar's cocoon".<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Anderson, E. F.)) | date= 1996 | title=Peyote: the divine cactus | publisher=University of Arizona Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780816516537}}</ref>
-==Alkaloids in different Lophophora species==
+==External links==
-According to the study by Dr. Štarha,<ref>Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. (The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha.)</ref> all varieties of peyote contain approximately 0.7 mg of mescaline per gram of living plant. Both Lophophora diffusa and Lophophora fricii are found to be low in mescaline and high in [[pellotine]].
-{{Lophophora chart}}
-==External links==
+*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Wikipedia)]
-** [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Wikipedia)]
+*[https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]
-** [https://erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote.shtml Peyote (Erowid)]
+*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Drugs-Forum)]
-** [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Peyote.shtml Peyote experiences (Erowid)]
-** [https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Peyote Peyote (Drugs-Forum)]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|2}}
-[[Category:Botany]]
-[[Category:Cactus]]
-[[Category:Plant]]
 [[Category:Lophophora (genus)]]