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PMMA: Difference between revisions

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'''para-Methoxymethamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-methoxymethamphetamine''', '''4-MeOMA''', inaccurately as '''"4-MMA"''' (which should instead be reserved for [[4-MMA]] (4-MeMA) instead) and more commonly as '''PMMA''') is a highly dangerous and toxic synthetic substance of the [[Chemical class::amphetamine]] class that is closely related to [[PMA]]. Like PMA, it is known for producing extremely dangerous, life-threatening side effects. At lower dosages, its effects are somewhat different from PMA, with reduced tendency to cause severe [[Increased bodily temperature|hyperthermia]] while producing more [[entactogenic]] effects that can be mistaken for [[MDMA]] (although at higher dosages it does have the same risk as PMA). Its history of use is unknown, but it has appeared more frequently in the 2000s and 2010s. It is generally less potent than PMA.
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| ''[[PMMA/Summary|Summary sheet: PMMA]]''
'''PMMA, along with other drugs like [[PMA]] and [[PMEA]] have very little recreational value and are considered as one of the most dangerous and toxic substances known. It is strongly recommended that these two substances should be completely avoided.'''
|}
'''PMMA''' (also known as '''para-Methoxymethamphetamine''' or '''4-MMA''') is a highly dangerous and toxic drug of the [[Chemical class::Amphetamine|amphetamine]] class, which is closely related to [[PMA]]. Like PMA, it has extremely dangerous side effects, which can result in death. At lower dosages, it's effects are somewhat different from PMA, with reduced tendency to cause severe [[Increased bodily temperature|hyperthermia]] and more [[entactogen]]ic effects, although at higher dosages it does produces the same risk as PMA. It's history of use is unknown, but it has appeared more frequently in the mid-2000s and 2010s.  


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
PMMA (para-Methoxymethamphetamine or 4-MMA) is a molecule of the [[substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] class. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. It contains a methoxy (OCH<sub>3</sub>) functional group bound to the R<sub>4</sub> carbon of the phenyl ring, as well as a methyl substitution at R<sub>N</sub>. It is the methylated version of [[PMA]] and the 4-Methoxy analog of [[Methamphetamine]].
PMMA (para-Methoxymethamphetamine or 4-MMA) is a molecule of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. It contains a methoxy (OCH<sub>3</sub>) functional group bound to the R<sub>4</sub> carbon of the phenyl ring, as well as a methyl substitution at R<sub>N</sub>. PMMA is the N-methylated version of [[PMA]] and the 4-Methoxy analog of [[Methamphetamine]].


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
PMMA, like [[PMA]] most likely acts as a [[selective serotonin releasing agent]] (SSRA) with weak effects on dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, relative to [[MDMA]], it is considerably less effective as a releaser of serotonin with properties more akin to a reuptake inhibitor in comparison. It evokes robust hyperthermia while producing only modest hyperactivity and serotonergic neurotoxicity, substantially lower than that caused by MDMA. Anecdotal reports suggest it is not particularly euphoric at all, perhaps even dysphoric in contrast. PMMA has also been shown to act as a potent, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme [[MAOI|MAO-A]] with no significant effects on MAO-B, and the combination of this property and serotonin release is likely responsible for its high lethality potential. It is likely metabolized to PMA in the body.
PMMA, like [[PMA]] most likely acts as a [[selective serotonin releasing agent]] (SSRA) with weak effects on dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, relative to [[MDMA]], it is considerably less effective as a releaser of serotonin with properties more akin to a reuptake inhibitor in comparison. It evokes robust hyperthermia while producing only modest hyperactivity and serotonergic neurotoxicity, substantially lower than that caused by MDMA. Anecdotal reports suggest it is not particularly euphoric at all, perhaps even dysphoric in contrast. PMMA has also been shown to act as a potent, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme [[MAOI|MAO-A]] with no significant effects on MAO-B, and the combination of this property and serotonin release is likely responsible for its high lethality potential. It is likely metabolized to PMA, just like [[methamphetamine]] is metabolized to [[amphetamine]] in the body.


It appears that PMMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMMA mortalities).
It appears that PMMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMMA mortalities).
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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{effectStub}}
{{effectStub}}
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}


===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, PMMA is commonly regarded as moderately stimulating and energetic exclusively at lower dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, PMMA is commonly regarded as moderately stimulating and energetic exclusively at lower dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' - Accelerated and abnormal heartbeats are extremely common with PMMA.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' and '''vomiting'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' and '''Vomiting''' - This is common at any dose.
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Rapid breathing]]''' - People commonly report "not being able to breath".
*'''[[Effect::Rapid breathing]]''' - People commonly report "not being able to breathe".
*'''[[Effect::Seizures]]''' - This is significantly more common with PMMA than with almost any other substance.
*'''[[Effect::Seizures]]''' - This is significantly more common with PMMA than with almost any other substance.
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vibrating vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vibrating vision]]''' - This effect is generally more frequent than with [[MDMA]].
 
}}
 


===Cognitive effects===
 
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' or '''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' - This depends greatly on the dosage, as higher dosages are almost guaranteed to bring anxiety, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' or '''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]''' - This depends greatly on the dosage, as higher dosages are almost guaranteed to bring anxiety, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, love and sociability enhancement]]''' - This effect is only present at lower doses and its much less pronounced than with [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' or '''[[Effect::Cognitive dysphoria]]''' -  This depends greatly on the dosage, as higher dosages are almost guaranteed to bring dysphoria, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' or '''[[Effect::Cognitive dysphoria]]''' -  This depends greatly on the dosage, as higher dosages are almost guaranteed to bring dysphoria, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - This is only apparent at lower dosages, as anything higher will usually diminish these effects, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - This is only apparent at lower dosages, as anything higher will usually diminish these effects, due to all the adverse effects.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''


===Visual effects===
}}
{{effects/visual|
At moderate to high dosages, PMMA is capable of producing typically mild or moderate visual distortions, which are usually more common and pronounced than with [[MDMA]], but significantly less when compared with most [[psychedelics]], such as [[2C-B]] or [[LSD]].
At moderate to high dosages, PMMA is capable of producing typically mild or moderate visual distortions, which are usually more common and pronounced than with [[MDMA]], but significantly less when compared with most [[psychedelics]], such as [[2C-B]] or [[LSD]].


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====Distortions====
====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Visual drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Visual drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Visual drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - This effects is more pronounced than [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Visual drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Visual drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Visual drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - This effects is more pronounced than it is with [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
}}
}}
 
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_PMMA.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: PMMA]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{toxicity}}
PMMA can be extremely toxic at moderate or high dosages.
PMMA and its relative [[PMA]] [[Toxicity::can be considered extremely toxic when compared to other substances such as [[Methamphetamine]] or [[MDMA]] ]]. [[Toxicity::Ingestion of PMMA has been associated with severe tachycardia (abnormally high heart rate), [[seizure |seizures]], [[dehydration]], [[increased bodily temperature|hyperthermia]], and death]]. PMMA has a relatively slow onset, causing many users to redose which causes excess toxicity.


<!-- It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. -->
It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.


==Legal issues==
==Legal status==
*'''Canada:''' PMMA is a Schedule I substance.
In February 2002, the European Council decided that PMMA shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties within three months.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:063:0014:0014:EN:PDF|date=February 28, 2002|publication-date=March 6, 2003|work=Official Journal of the European Union|page=14|id=L 63|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955|title=Council Decision concerning control measures and criminal sanctions in respect of the new synthetic drug PMMA}}</ref>
*'''Germany:''' PMMA is an Anlage I controlled substance.
 
*'''United States:''' PMMA is unscheduled, but can be controlled under the Federal Analog Act.
*'''Austria''': PMMA is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom:''' PMMA is a Class A drug.
*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Canada''': PMMA is a Schedule I substance.{{citation needed}}
*'''France''': PMMA is scheduled as a "stupéfiant", i.e. a recognized drug of abuse. It is illegal to possess, buy, sell or manufacture.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': PMMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) as of October 10, 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl100s1414b.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl100s1414b.pdf%27%5D__1576702069328|title=Vierzehnte Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': PMMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': PMMA is a Class A drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''': PMMA is a Schedule I drug as of July 26th, 2021.<ref>https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/06/25/2021-13460/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-para-methoxymethamphetamine-pmma-in-schedule-i</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Substituted amphetamine]]
*[[Substituted amphetamine]]
*[[Entactogen]]
*[[Entactogen]]
*[[PMA]]
*[[PMA]]
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine PMMA (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/pmma/pmma.shtml PMMA (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=130 PMMA (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{references}}
<references />
[[Category:Proofread]]
[[Category:Proofread]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Entactogen]]
{{#set:Featured=false}}
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/PMMA"