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{{Distinguish|3F-Phenetrazine}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/3-FPM}}
{{SubstanceBox/3-FPM}}
'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also known as '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''PAL-593''', and '''3-FPM''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[Chemical class::phenylmorpholine]] class. 3-FPM is a derivative of [[phenmetrazine]], a once-popular stimulant substance that was clinically used as an anorectic in Europe in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Kalant, O. J.)) | date= 1966 | title=The amphetamines; toxicity and addiction | publisher=[Springfield, Ill.] Thomas [Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press] | url=http://archive.org/details/amphetaminestoxi0000unse}}</ref> It produces its activity by increasing the levels of [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain.


'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[Chemical class::phenylmorpholine]] chemical class. It produces classical stimulant effects such as [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement|focus]] & [[motivation enhancement]], [[thought acceleration]], [[wakefulness]], and [[euphoria]] when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It is a structural analog of [[phenmetrazine]], a once-popular stimulant drug that was clinically used as an anorectic (weight-loss agent) in Europe in the 1950s before it was later withdrawn due to concerns over misuse and addiction.<ref> Kalant, Oriana Josseau (1966). The Amphetamines: Toxicity and Addiction. ISBN 0-398-02511-8.</ref>  
The synthesis and pharmacology of 3-FPM was first reported in a patent filed in 2011.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Blough, B. E.)), ((Rothman, R.)), ((Landavazo, A.)), ((Page, K. M.)), ((Decker, A. M.)) | title=Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US9617229B2/en}}</ref> Reports of human use first surfaced in early 2015 after it appeared for sale on the online [[research chemical]] market.


According to anecdotal reports, 3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than substances of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a study and productivity-enhancing drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant with pronounced [[euphoric]] properties.  
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement|enhanced focus]] and [[motivation enhancement|motivation]], [[thought acceleration]], and [[euphoria]]. Users commonly report that 3-FPM produces classical stimulant effects comparable to those of amphetamine. Many reports describe 3-FPM as having a relatively subtle and controlled stimulant effect which produces less nervousness, insomnia and euphoria than other stimulants, which makes it suitable as a study-aid or productivity-enhancer. A few but significant number of anecdotal reports indicate some people experience serious nervous system reactions to 3-FPM<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=Sisquitch | year=2021 | title=I had the 3-FPM that caused mild paralysis and damage to a Reddit user’s peroneal nerve NMR tested. Results in the description. | url=https://www.reddit.com/r/researchchemicals/comments/l4yvh5/i_had_the_3fpm_that_caused_mild_paralysis_and/}}</ref>.


It should be noted that although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". Using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM. Due to the lack of information on its properties, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.  
 
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM in humans. It has no history of human usage until 2014 when it began being sold as a gray-area [[research chemical]] by online vendors. Due to its likely ability to produce dependence and addiction, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[amphetamine]] family.  Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[Chemical class::Substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] family.  Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a [[phenethylamine]] core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
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{|
{|
|-
|-
|  
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|-
|-
| '''Compounds >'''<br>'''Neurotransmitters V''' || [[PAL-593]] || [[Phenmetrazine]]
|'''Compounds >'''<br>'''Neurotransmitters V'''||3-FPM||[[Phenmetrazine]]
|-
|-
| [[dopamine|DA Release]] || 43 || 87
|[[dopamine|DA Release]]||43||87
|-
|-
| [[serotonin|5-HT Release]] || 2558 || 3246
|[[serotonin|5-HT Release]]||2558||3246
|-
|-
| [[noradrenaline|NE Release]] || 30 || 38
|[[noradrenaline|NE Release]]||30||38
|}
|}
  || <ref>https://www.google.com/patents/US20130203752</ref>
  ||<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Blough, B. E.)), ((Rothman, R.)), ((Landavazo, A.)), ((Page, K. M.)), ((Decker, A. M.)) | title=Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20130203752/en}}</ref>
|}
|}


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
According to anecdotal reports, 3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than substances of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a study and productivity-enhancing drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant with pronounced [[euphoric]] properties.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
{{effects/base
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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]],  3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]],  3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate. This effect may be more pronounced with higher doses aswell with redosing.
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
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*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' {{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' {{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for increasing sexual activity. But while being a CNS stimulant vasoconstriction that occurs with stimulants can make sexual activity more strenuous{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]] and many other stimulants.
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]] and many other stimulants.
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}}
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
{{effects/aftereffects|
 
Although many report 3-FPM to have minor comedowns, many also report redosing can produce moderate to full on of the effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:


*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
}}
{{effects/visual|
The visual effects of 3-FPM are usually less consistent and only mildly noticeable at higher dosages and sleep deprivation. They are somewhat comparable to deliriants and occur more readily in darker areas. Visual effects include:
*'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]''' - People often report an increase of Brightness on 3-FPM in their subjective experiences. Based on anecdotal reports


}}
}}
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_3FPhenmetrazine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 3-FPM]
{{#ask: [[Category:3-FPM]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
Additional experience reports can be found here:
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_3FPhenmetrazine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 3-FPM]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).  
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage.  
 
Anecdotal evidence suggests that 3-FPM is relatively well-tolerated, with most users encountering few side-effects at low to moderate doses. However, several users have encountered serious flu-like symptoms on the comedown of 3-FPM, consisting of muscle and joint aches, fever and chills, and headaches, sometimes with migraine auras present. This is speculated to be systemic inflammation induced by 3-FPM. Therefore new users should exercise great caution in dosing to gauge their own physiological response to 3-FPM.{{citation needed}}


It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
 
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
===Dependence and abuse potential===
As with other [[stimulants]], the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.


Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-FPM [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-FPM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulant]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of 3-FPM all [[stimulant]]s will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-FPM [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-FPM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulant]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of 3-FPM all [[stimulant]]s will have a reduced effect.
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===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamines]] and related compounds like the phenmetrazines.{{citation needed}}
 
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}


==Legal status==
==Legal status==
*'''Israel''' - 3-FPM is illegal to buy, sell or possess in Israel as of 2017. <ref>https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law01/P170_001.htm</ref>
 
*'''France''': As of december 2024, 3-FPM is not explicitly scheduled. It is thus legal to possess, although in a grey area.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': 3-FPM is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of November 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl116s2615.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl116s2615.pdf%27%5D__1576017393518|title=Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Verbreitung neuer psychoaktiver Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> As of 2022 due to changes in the NpSG it's legal again if sold only for research purposes.
*'''Israel''': 3-FPM is illegal to buy, sell or possess in Israel as of 2017.<ref>{{Citation | title=פקודת הסמים המסוכנים [נוסח חדש], תשל"ג-1973 | url=https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/Law01/P170_001.htm}}</ref>
*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>
*'''Sweden''': The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.<ref>http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/juni/23-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.<ref>https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/official-compilation/2015/5093.pdf</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 3-FPM is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E. It was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 3-FPM is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2016/9712">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170112-8.pdf</ref>
*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom''': 3-FPM is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United States''': 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/c_cs_alpha.pdf</ref>, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.<ref>{{Citation | title=21 U.S. Code § 813 - Treatment of controlled substance analogues | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/813}}</ref> It is an illegal Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Virginia, as well as its isomers such as 4-FPM.<ref>https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter34/section54.1-3446/#:~:text=5.%20Unless%20specifically,name%3A%203%2Dfluorophenmetrazine)%3B</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulants]]
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*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Methylphenidate]]
*[[Ethylphenidate]]
*[[Ethylphenidate]]
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine 3-FPM (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Fluorophenmetrazine 3-FPM (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=629 3-FPM (Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=629 3-FPM (Isomer Design)]
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/737012-3F-Phenmetrazine-(3-FPM) 3-FPM (Bluelight)]
 
*[https://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=257863 3-FPM (Drugs Forum)]
===Community===
 
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/737012-3F-Phenmetrazine-(3-FPM) 3F-Phenmetrazine (3-FPM) (Bluelight)]
*[https://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=257863 PAL-593 / 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM)  (Drugs Forum)]


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Phenylmorpholine]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
 
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Phenylmorpholines]]
{{#set:Featured=true}}
{{#set:Featured=true}}
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