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{{SubstanceBox/2-FMA}}
{{SubstanceBox/2-FMA}}


'''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' ('''2-FMA''') is a synthetic ring-substituted fluorinated [[chemical class::amphetamine]] compound that is commonly reported to produce classical [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] effects such as [[stimulation]], [[thought acceleration]], [[focus enhancement|focus]] and [[motivation enhancement]] when [[route of administration|administered]]. It has been compared to [[lisdexamfetamine]] ('''Vyvanse''') in its duration, potency and efficacy as a study aid or productivity enhancer.<ref>http://drugs.tripsit.me/2-fma Tripsit Factsheets - 2FMA</ref>
'''2-Fluoromethamphetamine''' (also known as '''2-FMA''') is a novel [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It is a structural analog of [[methamphetamine]] and is related to [[2-FA]], [[3-FA]], and [[4-FMA]]. 2-FMA produces its stimulant effects through action at [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] receptors in the brain.  


2-FMA is one member in a series of modern [[designer drug|designer fluorinated amphetamine analogs]] that includes synthetic compounds like [[2-FA]], [[3-FA]], [[3-FEA]] and [[4-FA]] which are known for their range of central nervous system [[stimulant|stimulation]] and [[euphoria]]-producing effects, some of which have been gaining popularity as [[research chemical]] substitutes for traditional street [[stimulants]].{{citation needed}}
The sale of 2-FMA on the online [[research chemical]] market was first reported in August 2007.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camilleri, A.)), ((Johnston, M. R.)), ((Brennan, M.)), ((Davis, S.)), ((Caldicott, D. G. E.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, α-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone | volume=197 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–66 | date= April 2010 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073809005490 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.048}}</ref>. It appeared alongside other fluorinated amphetamines like [[2-FA]] and [[4-FA]]. It appears to be unknown in the clinical and research literature.


A substantial increase in negative effects like [[increased blood pressure|high blood pressure]] and [[increased heart rate]] is often reported for dosages above the heavy dosage range.
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[increased libido]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. It is commonly taken either orally or via insufflation and is reported to be highly unpleasant and dangerous to vaporize as the heat can break off the carbon-fluoride bond which in turn can be very toxic. 2-FMA is commonly compared to [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse) in its duration, potency and efficacy as a study or productivity aid. A substantial increase in adverse effects like [[increased blood pressure|high blood pressure]] and [[increased heart rate]] are often reported for dosages above the heavy dosage range.  


2-FMA is commonly taken either orally or via insufflation as it has been reported to be highly unpleasant to vaporize compared to its parent compound. Despite its popularity as a research chemical study aid, little is known about any toxicity that may accompany its long-term use as a substitute for prescription stimulants.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 2-FMA. It is strongly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
 
2-FMA has yet to be documented being sold on the streets and is instead typically sold by online vendors as a grey market [[research chemical]].<ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues ([[designer drug]]s). (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref><ref>Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, alpha-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074881</ref>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Although 2-FMA has not been formally studied on the same level as traditional [[amphetamines]], it is safe to assume that just like other [[substituted amphetamines]], it most likely acts as both a [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] [[releasing agent]]. This means it effectively increases the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove them from the [[synaptic cleft]]. This allows dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate within the brain, resulting in stimulating and euphoric effects.
{{pharmacology}}
Although 2-FMA has not been formally studied on the same level as traditional [[amphetamines]], it is thought that it acts as both a [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] [[releasing agent]]. This means it effectively increases the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove them from the [[synaptic cleft]]. This allows dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate within the brain, resulting in stimulating and euphoric effects.


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
In comparison to other substituted amphetamines, 2-FMA is reported to be relatively free of side effects such as [[nausea]], [[high blood pressure]], [[anxiety]] and an uncomfortable [[offset]] ("comedown"). It is considered to be a functional psychoactive substance for performing general productivity tasks in a manner that is similar to [[amphetamine|dextroamphetamine]] or [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse). However, at higher doses, it typically loses its productivity and attention-enhancing effects and begins to take on a recreational character due to the distracting euphoria that can result.  
In comparison to other substituted amphetamines, 2-FMA is reported to be relatively free of side effects such as [[nausea]], [[high blood pressure]], [[anxiety]] and an uncomfortable [[offset]] ("comedown"). It is considered to be a functional stimulant for performing general productivity tasks in a manner similar to [[amphetamine]] or [[lisdexamfetamine]] (Vyvanse). However, at higher doses, it typically loses its productivity and focus-enhancing effects and begins to take on a recreational character due to the distracting euphoria that it can produce. Majority of users report through anecdotal reports that this has a ceiling effect with high dose (Heavy+) ranges where many report of the uncomfortable effects from stimulants when passing or entering the strong-heavy dose range.


{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
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|{{effects/physical|
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 2-FMA is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is slightly weaker to that of [[methamphetamine]], but stronger than that of [[modafinil]], [[caffeine]], and [[methylphenidate]]. The particular style of stimulation which 2-FMA presents can be described as forced. This means that, at higher dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntary bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general loss of fine motor control.  
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 2-FMA is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is slightly weaker to that of [[methamphetamine]], but stronger than that of [[modafinil]], [[caffeine]], and [[methylphenidate]]. The particular style of stimulation which 2-FMA presents can be described as forced, but compared to many other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] many describe it as a very "clean" stimulation. This means that, at higher dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntary bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general loss of fine motor control.  
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This effect is more prominent at higher dosages and is typically weaker then that of other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[lisdexamfetamine]] and [[methylphenidate]]
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''{{citation needed}}
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*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is typically experienced only at higher dosages and is more prominent on the comedown.
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - This effect is typically experienced only at higher dosages and is more prominent on the comedown.
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component is more prominent as higher dosages and can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
 
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - Multiple reports indicate that after recurrent user short-term memory loss is common.
}}
}}
}}
}}
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{{#ask: [[Category:2-FMA]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask: [[Category:2-FMA]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
Additional experience reports can be found here:
Additional experience reports can be found here:
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2Fluoromethamphetamine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 2-FMA]
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2Fluoromethamphetamine.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 2-FMA]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-FMA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-FMA has a very limited history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 2-FMA within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).  
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2-FMA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 2-FMA has a very limited history of human usage.  
 
Anecdotal reports from those who have tried 2-FMA suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself or using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).  


It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.


===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Dependence and abuse potential===
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 2-FMA can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 2-FMA can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.


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===Psychosis===
===Psychosis===
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
The use of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/emerging-trends</ref><ref name="amppsychosis">Shoptaw, S. J., Kao, U., & Ling, W. (2009). Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. The Cochrane Library.</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[amphetamine|dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amppsychosis" /><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amppsychosis" />
The use of compounds in the amphetamine class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[Delusions|delusions]]).<ref>{{Citation | publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse | title=Emerging Trends | url=https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/emerging-trends-alerts}}</ref><ref name="amppsychosis">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[amphetamine|dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amppsychosis" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amppsychosis" />


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 2-FMA can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.
{{DangerousInteractions/Amphetamines}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamine]]s.
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart.


==Legality==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
{{legalStub}}
2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
2-FMA is currently a gray area compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal gray area and that it is not known to be specifically illegal ("scheduled") within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.


*'''Canada:''' 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19) |http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html#h-28</ref>
*'''Canada''': 2-FMA would be considered Schedule I as it is an analogue of Amphetamine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref>
*'''China''' - As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''China''': As of October 2015 2-FMA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''Germany:''' On December 13, 2014, 2-FMA was added to the controlled substance act ("BtMG"), making it illegal to produce, sell or possess.<ref>Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (28. BtMÄndV)| http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11392/a189949.htm</ref>
*'''France''': As of december 2024, 2-FMA is not explicitly scheduled. It is thus legal to possess, although in a grey area.<ref>{{Citation | title=Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants  | url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000533085/2020-11-20/}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576</ref>
*'''Germany''': 2-FMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Legislation.gov.uk) |http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': 2-FMA is an amphetamine analogue, so is a Schedule 3 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 01 July 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 2-FMA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 2-FMA is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref>
*'''The Netherlands:''' 2-FMA is currently legal, but it is part of a substance group that may be banned soon as part of a recently passed law on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). <ref>{{Citation|title= Wijziging van de Opiumwet in verband met het toevoegen van een derde lijst met als doel het tegengaan van de productie van en de handel in nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen en enkele andere wijzigingen (Dutch) | year=2024|url=https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/wetsvoorstellen/detail?id=2022Z14042&dossier=36159}}</ref>  
*'''United Kingdom''': 2-FMA is considered a Class A drug as a result of the amphetamine analogue clause of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I}}</ref>
*'''Ukraine''': 2-FMA is considered a narcotic and is illegal.<ref>{{Citation | title=Про внесення змін до переліку наркотичних засобів, психотропних речовин і прекурсорів | url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/600-2019-%D0%BF}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulant]]
*[[Substituted amphetamine]]
*[[Substituted amphetamine]]
*[[Lisdexamfetamine]]
*[[Lisdexamfetamine]]
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2131 2-FMA  (Isomer Design)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2131 2-FMA  (Isomer Design)]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references />


[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Amphetamine]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]


{{#set:Featured=true}}
{{#set:Featured=true}}
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