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Methoxetamine: Difference between revisions

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{{SubstanceBox/Methoxetamine}}
{{SubstanceBox/Methoxetamine}}


'''3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCE''' (commonly known as '''Methoxetamine''', '''MXE''', '''Mexxy''', among others) is a [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class that produces [[ketamine|ketamine-like]] [[dissociative]] effects when [[administered]]. It is structurally related to [[ketamine]], [[PCE]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]].<ref>MXE Binding profile | http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary</ref>
'''3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCE''' (commonly known as '''Methoxetamine''', '''MXE''', '''Mexxy''', among others) is a [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class that produces [[ketamine|ketamine-like]] [[dissociative]] effects when [[administered]]. It is structurally related to [[ketamine]], [[PCE]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012">{{Citation | title=Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) Methoxetamine report, 2012 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/advisory-council-on-the-misuse-of-drugs-acmd-methoxetamine-report-2012}}</ref>


MXE was originally developed through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>Interview with a ketamine chemist | https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2</ref>  
MXE was originally developed through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2011 | title=Interview with a Ketamine Chemist | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppzgk9/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2}}</ref>  


MXE had no documented history of human usage until it was first identified by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in November 2010. By July 2011, they had identified 58 websites selling the compound at the cost of 145–195 euros for 10 grams.<ref>Online sales of new psychoactive substances/‘legal highs’ | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143801_EN_SnapshotSummary.pdf</ref> Once highly popular, it is now thought to be extinct on the online [[research chemical]] market due to the global ban of the drug.
MXE had no documented history of human usage until it was first identified by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in November 2010. By July 2011, they had identified 58 websites selling the compound at the cost of 145–195 euros for 10 grams.<ref>Online sales of new psychoactive substances/‘legal highs’ | http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_143801_EN_SnapshotSummary.pdf</ref> Once highly popular, it is now thought to be extinct on the online [[research chemical]] market due to the global ban of the drug.
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
MXE acts as a non-competitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="MXE Binding Profile">[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/agencies-public-bodies/acmd1/methoxetamine2012?view=Binary "ACMD Methoxetamine Report (2012)"]. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. October 2012. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].” MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>Kjellgren, A., & Jonsson, K. (2013). Methoxetamine (MXE)--a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a {\dq}legal high{\dq} from the internet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2012). Methoxetamine: From drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant. Medical Hypotheses, 79(4), 504–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.002</ref>
MXE acts as a non-competitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012" /> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].” MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kjellgren, A.)), ((Jonsson, K.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=276–286 | date=1 July 2013 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Coppola, M.)), ((Mondola, R.)) | journal=Medical Hypotheses | title=Methoxetamine: From drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=504–507 | date= October 2012 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030698771200312X | issn=03069877 | doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.002}}</ref>


Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="MXE Binding Profile" />
Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="ACMDMXE2012"/>


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
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*'''Denmark''': Methoxetamine is covered by the Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''Denmark''': Methoxetamine is covered by the Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''France''': Methoxetamine was added to the list of illicit substances on August 5, 2013.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''France''': Methoxetamine was added to the list of illicit substances on August 5, 2013.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''Germany''': MXE is controlled under BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html</ref>
*'''Germany''': MXE is controlled under BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html}}</ref>
*'''Italy''': According to the table of drugs, MXE has been illegal in Italy since 2016.<ref>http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>
*'''Italy''': According to the table of drugs, MXE has been illegal in Italy since 2016.<ref>http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>
*'''Japan''': It is illegal to possess, produce, or sell MXE.{{citation needed}}
*'''Japan''': MXE is a narcotic drug in Japan effective June 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=新たに指定薬物４物質を麻薬に指定します（注意喚起）｜厚生労働省 | publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)] | url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/oshirase/20160527-1.html}}</ref>
*'''Netherlands''': It is illegal to possess, produce, trasnport, import, export, or sell MXE.<ref>"Opiumwet lijst 1", http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2017-05-25</ref>
*'''Netherlands''': It is illegal to possess, produce, trasnport, import, export, or sell MXE.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Koninkrijksrelaties, M. van B. Z. en)) | title=Opiumwet | url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2017-05-25}}</ref>
*'''Russia''': It is illegal to possess, produce, or sell MXE.{{citation needed}}
*'''Russia''': It is illegal to possess, produce, or sell MXE.{{citation needed}}
*'''Slovenia''': MXE is a controlled substance (Official Gazette of RS No. 62/2013).<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''Slovenia''': MXE is a controlled substance (Official Gazette of RS No. 62/2013).<ref name="JointReport" />
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*'''Turkey''': Methoxetamine is regulated under the Law on Control of Narcotics no. 2313.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''Turkey''': Methoxetamine is regulated under the Law on Control of Narcotics no. 2313.<ref name="JointReport" />
*'''United Kingdom''': MXE is a Class B drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom''': MXE is a Class B drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''': MXE is not illegal, however, if it is sold with the intention for human consumption (such as in capsules) it becomes illegal to possess under the Federal Analogue Act. This is avoided by placing the label "not for human consumption" on the container of the chemical.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''': MXE is a schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/06/06/2022-11933/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-methoxetamine-mxe-in-schedule-i</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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<references />
<references />


[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[Category:Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
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