Methoxetamine: Difference between revisions

'''3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCE''' (commonly known as '''Methoxetamine''', '''MXE''', '''Mexxy''', among others) is a [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[Chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class that produces [[ketamine|ketamine-like]] [[dissociative]] effects when [[administered]]. It is structurally related to [[ketamine]], [[PCE]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012">{{Citation | title=Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) Methoxetamine report, 2012 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/advisory-council-on-the-misuse-of-drugs-acmd-methoxetamine-report-2012}}</ref>

MXE was originally developed through the use of intelligent drug design, as a potential treatment for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_pain Phantom Limb Syndrome] among other ailments.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Morris, H.)) | year=2011 | title=Interview with a Ketamine Chemist | url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ppzgk9/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2}}</ref>  

MXE acts as a non-competitive [[NMDA receptor antagonist]] and [[serotonin]]-[[Reuptake Inhibitor|reuptake inhibitor]].<ref name="ACMDMXE2012" /> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the famous “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].” MXE was reported to be similar to [[Ketamine|ketamine]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kjellgren, A.)), ((Jonsson, K.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=276–286 | date=1 July 2013 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2013.803647 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref>, despite being stronger and having a longer duration. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Coppola, M.)), ((Mondola, R.)) | journal=Medical Hypotheses | title=Methoxetamine: From drug of abuse to rapid-acting antidepressant | volume=79 | issue=4 | pages=504–507 | date= October 2012 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030698771200312X | issn=03069877 | doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2012.07.002}}</ref>

Because of its structural similarity to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-HO-PCP 3-HO-PCP], it was falsely believed to carry [[opioid]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs: PCP to MXE | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= July 2014 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1620 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref> This claim cannot be supported by actual data, instead showing only insignificant affinity for the µ-opioid receptor by the substance itself, although in-vivo metabolites could yield different effects.<ref name="ACMDMXE2012"/>

*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]''' & '''[[Effect::Orgasm enhancement]]''' - Orgasm enhancement can sometimes also be present, even at higher doses, although this effect is not reliable.

The visual geometry found within MXE can be described as very dark and bland when compared to that of [[ketamine]] or [[DXM]] and often consists of many tiny interlocking and woven lines. It does not extend beyond level 4 and can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as simplistic in complexity, algorithmic in style, synthetic in feel, unstructured in organization, dimly lit in lighting, multicolored in scheme, glossy in shading, soft in edges, small in size, slow in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. 

 

High doses entering the "hole" can yield a white glow visual phenomena like ketamine.

 

*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Methoxetamine_.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: MXE]

{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXE use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].  

===Dependence and abuse potential===

*'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes.

*'''Canada''': Health Canada declared MXE a controlled substance, citing it as "considered an analogue of ketamine."<ref>"STATUS DECISION OF CONTROLLED AND NON-CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE(S)", https://web.archive.org/web/20160409135922/http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/HC/StatusDecisions/A-2013-00235%20-%20PDFs/C-Methoxetamine-2011-01-31.pdf. Retrieved January 24th, 2017.</ref> The possession, production, and sale are illegal.

*'''Denmark''': Methoxetamine is covered by the Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances.<ref name="JointReport" />

*'''France''': Methoxetamine was added to the list of illicit substances on August 5, 2013.<ref name="JointReport" />

*'''Germany''': MXE is controlled under BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage I BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html}}</ref>

*'''Japan''': MXE is a narcotic drug in Japan effective June 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=新たに指定薬物４物質を麻薬に指定します（注意喚起）｜厚生労働省 | publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)] | url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/oshirase/20160527-1.html}}</ref>

*'''Netherlands''': It is illegal to possess, produce, trasnport, import, export, or sell MXE.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Koninkrijksrelaties, M. van B. Z. en)) | title=Opiumwet | url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2017-05-25}}</ref>

*'''Slovenia''': MXE is a controlled substance (Official Gazette of RS No. 62/2013).<ref name="JointReport" />

*'''Sweden''': Methoxetamine is controlled under the Narcotic Drugs Control Act (SFS 1992-860) and the Narcotic Drugs Control Ordinance (SFS 1994:1554).<ref name="JointReport" />

*'''Turkey''': Methoxetamine is regulated under the Law on Control of Narcotics no. 2313.<ref name="JointReport" />

*'''United States''': MXE is a schedule 1 controlled substance.<ref>https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/06/06/2022-11933/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-methoxetamine-mxe-in-schedule-i</ref>

 

*Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620

*Halberstadt, A. L., Slepak, N., Hyun, J., Buell, M. R., & Powell, S. B. (2016). The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents. Psychopharmacology, 233(7), 1215-1225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4203-3