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Opioids: Difference between revisions
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====='''Mu (μ)'''===== | ====='''Mu (μ)'''===== | ||
The mu receptor is responsible for [[analgesia]], physical dependence, [[respiratory depression]], [[euphoria]], and possible [[vasodilation]].<ref name="receptors" /> | The mu receptor is responsible for [[analgesia]], physical dependence, [[respiratory depression]], [[euphoria]], and possible [[vasodilation]].<ref name="receptors" /> | ||
Agonists of mu opioid receptors produce sedative, euphoric, and anxiolytic effects largely through the interaction of the mu receptors with serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Activation of mu receptors allows for the disinhibition of serotonin and dopamine neurons by blocking the inhibitory effects of GABA on serotonin and dopamine neurons, thus increasing activity and release of serotonin and dopamine.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661818306145</ref> Mu receptors additionally inhibit the activity of norepinephrine neurons, leading to sedation, anxiolysis, and respiratory depression.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3274960/</ref> | |||
====='''Nociceptin'''===== | ====='''Nociceptin'''===== | ||
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|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Sedation]]''' | *'''[[Stimulation]] or [[Sedation]]''' - At light doses, mu opioid agonists often produce mild to moderate stimulation due to enhancing dopamine and serotonin signaling, which gradually changes to sedation with higher doses due to inhibition of norepinephrine. Opioids with stronger activity at kappa and nociceptin opioid receptors such as [[fentanyl]] and [[morphine]] tend to be more sedating than opioids which primarily act on mu opioid receptors like [[kratom]] and [[tianeptine]] | ||
*'''[[Respiratory depression|Respiratory depression]]''' - At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention. | *'''[[Respiratory depression|Respiratory depression]]''' - At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention. | ||
*'''[[Pain relief]]''' | *'''[[Pain relief]]''' | ||
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}} | }} | ||
|{{effects/cognitive| | |{{effects/cognitive| | ||
*'''[[Cognitive euphoria | *'''[[Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This can be described as a powerful and overwhelming feeling of emotional bliss, contentment, and happiness. | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Motivation enhancement]]''' - Some opioids (such as [[kratom]]) are more stimulating than others and seem to enhance motivation. | ||
*'''[[ | *'''[[Anxiety suppression]]''' | ||
*'''[[Compulsive redosing]]''' | *'''[[Compulsive redosing]]''' | ||
*'''[[Dream potentiation]]''' | *'''[[Dream potentiation]]''' | ||
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===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}} | {{DangerousInteractions/Intro}} | ||
{{DangerousInteractions/Opioids}} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid Opioid (Wikipedia)] | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid Opioid (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/opiates.shtml Opiates (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/opiates.shtml Opiates (Erowid Vault)] | ||
* | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_benzimidazole_opioids List of benzimidazole opioids (Wikipedia)] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Anaphrodisiac]] | |||
[[Category:Psychoactive class]] | [[Category:Psychoactive class]] | ||
[[Category:Opioid| ]] | [[Category:Opioid| ]] | ||
[[Category:Pharmacology]] | [[Category:Pharmacology]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | |||