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The terms '''entactogen''' and '''empathogen''' are used to describe a class of psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of [[MDMA]]. The term "'''empathogen'''" was coined in 1983 by Ralph Metzner to denote chemical agents inducing feelings of empathy. "'''Entactogen'''" was coined by [[David E. Nichols]] as an alternative to "empathogen", attempting to avoid the potential for improper association of the latter with negative connotations related to the Greek root "pathos" (''suffering''); Nichols also thought the word was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy. The word "entactogen" is derived from the roots "en" (within), "tactus" (touch) and "gen" (Greek: ''produce''). Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.
'''Entactogens''' (also known as '''empathogens''') are a class of [[psychoactive substances]] that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to those of [[MDMA]].  
 
The term "'''empathogen'''" was coined in 1983 by Ralph Metzner to denote chemical agents capable of inducing feelings of empathy. "'''Entactogen'''" was coined by [[David E. Nichols]] as an alternative to "empathogen," attempting to avoid the potential for an improper association of the latter with negative connotations related to the Greek root "pathos" (''suffering'').
 
==Etymology==
The term ''empathogen'', meaning "generating a state of empathy", was coined in 1983–84 independently by [[Ralph Metzner]] and [[David E. Nichols]] as a term to denote a therapeutic class of drugs that includes [[MDMA]] and phenethylamine relatives.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Holland|editor-first=Julie|last1=Metzner|first1=Ralph|last2=Adamson|first2=Sophia|title=Ecstasy : the complete guide ; a comprehensive look at the risks and benefits of MDMA|date=2001|publisher=Park Street Press|location=Rochester, Vt|isbn=978-0-89281-857-0|page=182|ref=CompleteGuide}}</ref> Nichols later rejected this initial terminology and adopted, instead, the term ''entactogen'', meaning "touching within", to denote this class of drugs, asserting a concern with the potential for improper association of the term ''empathogen'' with negative connotations related to the Greek root πάθος ''páthos'' ("suffering").<ref name=Nichols86>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D.|title=Differences Between the Mechanism of Action of MDMA, MBDB, and the Classic Hallucinogens. Identification of a New Therapeutic Class: Entactogens|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=1986|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–13|doi=10.1080/02791072.1986.10472362|pmid=2880944}}<!--|accessdate=6 January 2015--></ref> Additionally, Nichols wanted to avoid any association with the term pathogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001/acref-9780199657681|title=Dictionary of Psychology - Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199657681.001.0001|year=2015|isbn=9780199657681|last1=Colman|first1=Andrew M.}}</ref>
 
Nichols also thought the original term was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs that go beyond instilling feelings of empathy.<ref name=Nichols93>{{cite journal|last1=Nichols|first1=D|last2=Yensen|first2=R|last3=Metzner|first3=R|last4=Shakespeare|first4=W|title=The Great Entactogen - Empathogen Debate|journal=Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS|date=1993|volume=4|issue=2|pages=47–49|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v04n2/04247eed.html|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref> The hybrid word ''entactogen'' is derived from the roots ''en'' (|within), ''tactus'' (touch) and ''-gen'' (produce).<ref name=Nichols86/> Neither term is dominant in usage, and, despite their difference in connotation, they are essentially interchangeable, as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.
 
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
{{quote|text="Therapists used entactogens such as MDMA in their practice before it was criminalized in 1985. Since that time, much effort has taken place to conduct government-approved scientific research into MDMA's therapeutic potential, which has recently been demonstrated in placebo-controlled studies of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder."|sign=Ralph Metzner, Ph.D.|source=[https://store.maps.org/np/clients/maps/product.jsp?product=801 MAPS]}}


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
The primary subjective effect of any entactogen is a single key component which occurs in a varying levels of intensity across a broad range of substances. This effect is listed and defined in its own dedicated article below:
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Increased empathy, love and sociability|Increased empathy, love and sociability]]'''
 
Along side of this a variety of non essential secondary effects are often present. These generally include but are not limited to:
These effects are listed and defined in their own dedicated article below:
*'''[[Physical effects: Stimulation|Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Euphoria|Euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Acceleration of thought|Acceleration of thought]]'''
*'''[[Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Introspection|Introspection]]'''
Alongside of these, a variety of secondary effects are often present. These generally include (but are not limited to):
*'''[[Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive euphoria|Euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Introspection]]'''
 
==List of entactogens==
The compounds below have varying degrees of entactogenic effects. Some of the chemicals have a minimal entactogenic effect while others may have a strong entactogenic effect. Many of these substances possess other effects including [[Stimulants|stimulant]] effects and [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] effects.


==Examples==
*[[1,4-Butanediol]]
Putative members of this class include [[2C-B]], [[2C-I]](at 2-14mg), [[MDMA]], [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], [[Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine|MDEA]], [[MBDB]] and [[6-APB]] among others. The [[chemical structure]] of many entactogens contains a [[substituted amphetamine]] core, and most belong to the [[phenethylamine]] class of psychoactive drugs, although several (AET and [[alpha-methyltryptamine|AMT]]) are [[tryptamine]]s. When referring to MDMA and its counterparts, the term '[[MDxx]]' is often used with the exception of [[MDPV]]. Entactogens are sometimes incorrectly referred to as major [[hallucinogens]] or [[stimulant]]s, which is untrue although their effects are often somewhat similar.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
*[[2C-B]]
*[[2C-I]]
*[[3-FEA]]
*[[3-MMC]]
*[[4-FA]]
*[[5-APB]]
*[[5-APDB]]
*[[5-EAPB]]
*[[5-EAPDB]]
*[[5-MAPB]]
*[[5-MAPDB]]
*[[5-MAPDI]]
*[[5-MeO-DALT]]
*[[5-MeO-DiPT]]
*[[5-MeO-MiPT]]
*[[6-APB]] (''Benzo fury'')
*[[6-APDB]]
*[[6-EAPB]]
*[[6-EAPDB]]
*[[6-MAPB]]
*[[6-MAPDB]]
*[[αMT]]
*[[Butylone]]
*[[GBL]]
*[[GHB]]
*[[IBF5MAP]]
*[[MBDB]]
*[[MDA]]
*[[MDAI]]
*[[MDEA]]
*[[MDMA]]
*[[Mephedrone]]
*[[Methylone]]
*[[MMA]]
*[[MMDA]]
*[[PMA]]
*[[PMMA]]


==See Also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]
*[[MDMA]]
==External links==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen Empathogen–entactogen (Wikipedia)]
==Literature==
* Nichols, D.E., Hoffman, A.J., Oberlender, R.A., Jacob P 3rd & [[Alexander Shulgin|Shulgin A.T.]] Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class. 1986. J Med Chem 29. 2009-15.
* Nichols, D.E. Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens. 1986. J Psychoactive Drugs 18. 305-13.


==References==
==References==
* Nichols, D.E., Hoffman, A.J., Oberlender, R.A., Jacob P 3rd & [[Alexander Shulgin|Shulgin A.T.]] ''Derivatives of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine: representatives of a novel therapeutic class'' 1986 J Med Chem 29 2009-15
[[Category:Psychoactive class]]
* Nichols, D.E. ''Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic [[Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants|hallucinogen]]s. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens'' 1986 J Psychoactive Drugs 18 305-13
[[Category:Entactogen|*]]
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