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MDPV: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/MDPV}} | {{SubstanceBox/MDPV}} | ||
'''3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone''' (also known as '''MDPV''' and | '''3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone''' (also known as '''MDPV''', and '''Monkey Dust'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Monkey dust "epidemic" causing drug users to experience violent hallucinations |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-monkey-dust-bath-salt-mpvd-drug-causing-epidemic-violent-hallucinations-1068295 |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=Newsweek |date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref>) is a novel lesser-known [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. It is known to be one of the most powerful and potent stimulants. MDPV is thought to act primarily as a [[norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] (NDRI). | ||
MDPV was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.<ref> | MDPV was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.<ref name="KoppePatent">{{Citation | vauthors=((Koppe, H.)), ((Ludwig, G.)), ((Zeile, K.)) | title=1-(3’,4’-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-alkanones-(1) | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3478050/en}}</ref> It was claimed to have potential to be an alternative for racemic amphetamine and, despite showing some desirable qualities such as reduced toxicity as compared to amphetamine, was chosen to not be developed as a medicinal drug.<ref>MDPV Summary | http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4_13_Review.pdf?ua=1</ref> | ||
MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reportedly first made available to the public as a [[designer drug]]. Products labeled as "bath salts" containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing strategy of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|Spice and K2]] as incense.{{citation needed}} | MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reportedly first made available to the public as a [[designer drug]]. Products labeled as "bath salts" containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing strategy of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|Spice and K2]] as incense.{{citation needed}} | ||
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==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref | MDPV, or 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, is a synthetic stimulant of the [[substituted cathinone|cathinone]] and [[substituted pyrrolidine|pyrrolidine]] classes. MDPV is the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound [[a-PVP]], developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.<ref name="KoppePatent"/> | ||
However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>MDPV | https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV</ref> | However, despite some shared structural features, the effects of MDPV bear little resemblance to other methylenedioxy phenylalkylamine derivatives such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), instead producing primarily classical stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.<ref>{{Citation | title=MDPV - TripSit wiki | url=https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/MDPV}}</ref> | ||
MDPV is structurally related to cathinone, an active alkaloid found in the khat plant, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and other schedule I phenethylamines. MDPV, like some other substances in this class, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. MDPV is also reported to have hallucinogenic effects.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/mdpv.pdf</ref> | MDPV is structurally related to cathinone, an active alkaloid found in the khat plant, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine, and other schedule I phenethylamines. MDPV, like some other substances in this class, is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. MDPV is also reported to have hallucinogenic effects.<ref>https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/mdpv.pdf</ref> | ||
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* '''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | * '''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]''' | ||
It should be noted that many users consider the after effects of MDPV to be significantly more unpleasant if compulsively redosed.<ref> | It should be noted that many users consider the after effects of MDPV to be significantly more unpleasant if compulsively redosed.<ref>{{Citation | title=MDPV - Erowid Exp - “Personal Research Comedown Guide” | url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=98601}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=MDPV - Erowid Exp - “Seemingly Real Paranoid Hallucination Hell” | url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=91741}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{effects/cognitive| | |{{effects/cognitive| | ||
The general cognitive effects of MDPV can be described as being similar to those of other typical stimulants. At common dosages, the MDPV high is described as being euphoric and slightly empatheogenic in its effects, causing increased motivation, sociability, sexual desire and concentration. Higher doses of MDPV, however, can intensify numerous negative effects such as anxiety and disorganized thoughts; at extremely high doses or continued use, delusions and psychosis become likely.<ref> | The general cognitive effects of MDPV can be described as being similar to those of other typical stimulants. At common dosages, the MDPV high is described as being euphoric and slightly empatheogenic in its effects, causing increased motivation, sociability, sexual desire and concentration. Higher doses of MDPV, however, can intensify numerous negative effects such as anxiety and disorganized thoughts; at extremely high doses or continued use, delusions and psychosis become likely.<ref>{{Citation | title=MDPV - Erowid Exp - “Psychosis” | url=https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=78382}}</ref> | ||
* '''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' | * '''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' | ||
* '''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | * '''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' | ||
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===Lethal dosage=== | ===Lethal dosage=== | ||
The exact lethal dosage of MDPV is unknown and no formal studies have been carried out in humans. For sake of reference, one report placed the lethal dosage for a 39 year old male at 0.4 micrograms per millilitre or greater following the results of a post mortem,<ref> | The exact lethal dosage of MDPV is unknown and no formal studies have been carried out in humans. For sake of reference, one report placed the lethal dosage for a 39 year old male at 0.4 micrograms per millilitre or greater following the results of a post mortem,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wyman, J. F.)), ((Lavins, E. S.)), ((Engelhart, D.)), ((Armstrong, E. J.)), ((Snell, K. D.)), ((Boggs, P. D.)), ((Taylor, S. M.)), ((Norris, R. N.)), ((Miller, F. P.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=Postmortem Tissue Distribution of MDPV Following Lethal Intoxication by “Bath Salts” | volume=37 | issue=3 | pages=182–185 | date=1 April 2013 | url=https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jat/bkt001 | issn=0146-4760 | doi=10.1093/jat/bkt001}}</ref> but this data is far too individually unique and the variables simply too diverse to derive any kind of meaningful information from it. MDPV may be quantified in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma MDPV concentrations are expected to be in a range of 10–50 μg/L in persons using the drug recreationally, >50 μg/L in intoxicated patients, and >300 μg/L in victims of acute overdose.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Baselt, R. C.)) | date= 2014 | title=Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man | publisher=Biomedical Publications | edition=Tenth edition | isbn=9780962652394}}</ref> | ||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[Responsible drug use | harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[Responsible drug use | harm reduction practices]] when using this drug. | ||
=== | ===Dependence and abuse potential=== | ||
More so than other stimulants, the chronic use of MDPV can be considered highly addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. Addiction is a serious risk among users of MDPV as it easily causes compulsive redosing and causes highly unpleasant comedown symptoms. | More so than other stimulants, the chronic use of MDPV can be considered highly addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage. Addiction is a serious risk among users of MDPV as it easily causes compulsive redosing and causes highly unpleasant comedown symptoms. | ||
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In September 2014, the European Council decided that MDPV shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties by October 2, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=025bb164-4937-11e4-a0cb-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdfa1a&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part=|title=Council Implementing Decision on subjecting 25I-NBOMe, AH-7921, MDPV and methoxetamine to control measures|date=September 25, 2014|publication-date=October 1, 2014|work=Official Journal of the European Union|pages=22-26|id=L 287|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955}}</ref> | In September 2014, the European Council decided that MDPV shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties by October 2, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=025bb164-4937-11e4-a0cb-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdfa1a&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part=|title=Council Implementing Decision on subjecting 25I-NBOMe, AH-7921, MDPV and methoxetamine to control measures|date=September 25, 2014|publication-date=October 1, 2014|work=Official Journal of the European Union|pages=22-26|id=L 287|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955}}</ref> | ||
*'''Australia''': In Western Australia, MDPV has been banned under the Poisons Act 1964, having been included in Appendix A Schedule 9 of the Poisons Act 1964 as of February 11, 2012. The Director of Public Prosecutions for Western Australia announced that anyone intending to sell or supply MDPV faces a maximum $100,000 fine or 25 years in jail. Users face a $2000 fine or two years' jail. Therefore, anyone caught with MDPV can be charged with possession, selling, supplying or intent to sell or supply.<ref>Emerging drug, MDPV banned in WA | https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2012/02/Emerging-drug,-MDPV-banned-in-WA.aspx</ref> | *'''Australia''': In Western Australia, MDPV has been banned under the Poisons Act 1964, having been included in Appendix A Schedule 9 of the Poisons Act 1964 as of February 11, 2012. The Director of Public Prosecutions for Western Australia announced that anyone intending to sell or supply MDPV faces a maximum $100,000 fine or 25 years in jail. Users face a $2000 fine or two years' jail. Therefore, anyone caught with MDPV can be charged with possession, selling, supplying or intent to sell or supply.<ref>{{Citation | title=Media Statements - Emerging drug, MDPV banned in WA | url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2012/02/Emerging-drug,-MDPV-banned-in-WA.aspx}}</ref> | ||
*'''Austria''': Since June 26, 2019, MDPV is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG. (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich)<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2019_II_167/BGBLA_2019_II_167.pdfsig</ref> | *'''Austria''': Since June 26, 2019, MDPV is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG. (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich)<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2019_II_167/BGBLA_2019_II_167.pdfsig</ref> | ||
*'''Belgium''': MDPV is a controlled substance as of March 20, 2013.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | *'''Belgium''': MDPV is a controlled substance as of March 20, 2013.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | ||
*'''Brazil''': MDPV is illegal to produce, sell, or possess as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | *'''Brazil''': MDPV is illegal to produce, sell, or possess as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref> | ||
*'''Bulgaria''': MDPV is controlled under the Narcotic Substances Control Law as of February 2011.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | *'''Bulgaria''': MDPV is controlled under the Narcotic Substances Control Law as of February 2011.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | ||
*'''Canada''': On June 5, 2012 the Canadian Health Minister Leona Aglukkaq announced that MDPV would be listed on Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, which was passed into law on September 26, 2012.<ref> | *'''Canada''': On June 5, 2012 the Canadian Health Minister Leona Aglukkaq announced that MDPV would be listed on Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, which was passed into law on September 26, 2012.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((News ·, C. B. C.)) | title=“Bath salts” drug ingredient banned in Canada | publisher=CBC News | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bath-salts-drug-ingredient-banned-in-canada-1.1174926}}</ref> | ||
*'''Croatia''': MDPV is a controlled substance.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | *'''Croatia''': MDPV is a controlled substance.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | ||
*'''Cyprus''': MDPV a Class B controlled substance, as it is covered by the cathinones catch-all clause.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | *'''Cyprus''': MDPV a Class B controlled substance, as it is covered by the cathinones catch-all clause.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | ||
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*'''Switzerland''': MDPV is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': MDPV is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey''': MDPV is a controlled substance.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | *'''Turkey''': MDPV is a controlled substance.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom''': MDPV is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.<ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': MDPV is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1207/made}}</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': On October 21, 2011, MDPV became a DEA federally scheduled drug. The DEA issued a temporary one-year ban on MDPV, classifying it as a schedule I substance. On December 8, 2011, under the Synthetic Drug Control Act, the US House of Representatives voted to ban MDPV and a variety of other synthetic drugs which had been sold legally in stores.<ref>House Votes to Ban | *'''United States''': On October 21, 2011, MDPV became a DEA federally scheduled drug. The DEA issued a temporary one-year ban on MDPV, classifying it as a schedule I substance. On December 8, 2011, under the Synthetic Drug Control Act, the US House of Representatives voted to ban MDPV and a variety of other synthetic drugs which had been sold legally in stores.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((News, A. B. C.)) | title=House Votes to Ban “Spice,” “Bath Salts” | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/house-votes-ban-fake-marijuana-fake-cocaine/story?id=15116235}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/mdpv/mdpv.shtml MDPV (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://erowid.org/chemicals/mdpv/mdpv.shtml MDPV (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2143 MDPV (Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2143 MDPV (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/MDPV MDPV (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
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[[Category:Research chemical]] | [[Category:Research chemical]] | ||
[[Category:Proofread]] | [[Category:Proofread]] | ||
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