PsychonautWiki Archive

Entheogen: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
>David Hedlund
Undo revision 142571 by Lluxull (talk)
>David Hedlund
A. Muscaria is not specifically dissociative
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[File:Flowering San Pedro cactus.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|Flowering San Pedro, an entheogenic cactus that has been used for over 3,000 years<ref>http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/</ref>]]
{{see also||List of entheogens}}
'''Entheogens''' (from the Ancient Greek ἔνθεος '''entheos''' ["god", "divine"] and γενέσθαι '''genesthai''' ["generate" - "generating the divine within"]) are a family of [[psychoactive substances]], typically of plant origin, that are used in religious, ritual, or spiritual contexts. [[Jonathan Ott]] is credited with coining the term in 1979.<ref>The Road to Eleusis (2008) By R. Gordon Wasson, Albert Hofmann, Carl A. P. Ruck, Huston Smith pg. 139</ref>


Entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years and their religious significance is well established with anthropological and academic literature. Examples of traditional entheogens include [[psychedelics]] like [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|peyote]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[ayahuasca]], and [[iboga]]; atypical [[hallucinogen]]s like [[salvia]] and ''[[Amanita muscaria]]''; quasi-psychedelics like [[cannabis]]; and [[deliriants]] like [[datura]].  
[[File:Flowering San Pedro cactus.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|Flowering San Pedro, an entheogenic cactus that has been used for over 3,000 years<ref>{{Citation | title=A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus | url=https://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/}}</ref>]]
'''Entheogens''' (from the Ancient Greek ἔνθεος '''entheos''' ["god", "divine"] and γενέσθαι '''genesthai''' ["generate" - "generating the divine within"]) are a family of [[psychoactive substances]], typically of plant origin, that are used in religious, ritual, or spiritual contexts. [[Jonathan Ott]] is credited with coining the term in 1979.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Wasson, R. G.)), ((Hofmann, A.)), ((Ruck, C. A. P.)) | date= 2008 | title=The road to Eleusis: unveiling the secret of the mysteries | publisher=North Atlantic Books | edition=30th anniversary ed | isbn=9781556437526}}</ref>


With the advent of organic chemistry, there now exist many synthetic drugs with similar psychoactive properties, many of which are derived from these plants. Many pure active compounds with psychoactive properties have been isolated from these respective organisms and synthesized chemically. These include the [[naturally occurring sources|naturally occurring]] [[mescaline]], [[psilocybin]], [[DMT]], [[salvinorin A]], [[ibogaine]], [[ergine]], and [[muscimol]], the semi-synthetic [[LSD]], and synthetic substances (e.g., [[DPT]] used by the Temple of the True Inner Light and [[2C-B]] used by the Sangoma).<ref>http://evolver.civicactions.net/user/chen_cho_dorge/blog/2cb_chosen_over_traditional_entheogens_south_african_healers</ref>
Entheogens have been used in a ritualized context for thousands of years and their religious significance is well established with anthropological and academic literature. Examples of traditional entheogens include [[Naturally occurring sources|naturally occurring]] [[hallucinogens]] ([[psychedelic drug|psychedelics]], [[dissociative]]s, or [[deliriant]]s); [[psychedelics]] like [[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|peyote]], [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[ayahuasca]], and [[iboga]]; quasi-psychedelics like [[cannabis]]; dissociatives like [[salvia]]; and [[deliriants]] like [[datura]].  


More broadly, the term entheogen is used to refer to any psychoactive substance used for its religious or spiritual effects, whether or not in a formal religious or traditional structure. This terminology is often chosen to contrast with the recreational use of the same substances. Studies such as the [[Marsh Chapel Experiment]] have documented reports of spiritual experiences from participants who were administered psychoactive substances in controlled trials.<ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2175688r1w4862x/fulltext.pdf</ref> Ongoing research is limited due to widespread drug prohibition; however, some countries have legislation that allows for traditional entheogen use.
With the advent of organic chemistry, there now exist many synthetic drugs with similar psychoactive properties, many of which are derived from these plants. Many pure active compounds with psychoactive properties have been isolated from these respective organisms and synthesized chemically. These include the [[naturally occurring sources|naturally occurring]] [[mescaline]], [[psilocybin]], [[DMT]], [[salvinorin A]], [[ibogaine]], [[ergine]], and [[muscimol]], the semi-synthetic [[LSD]], and synthetic substances (e.g., [[DPT]] used by the Temple of the True Inner Light and [[2C-B]] used by the Sangoma).<ref>{{Citation | year=2013 | title=2CB chosen over traditional entheogens by South African healers. | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014918/http://evolver.civicactions.net/user/chen_cho_dorge/blog/2cb_chosen_over_traditional_entheogens_south_african_healers}}</ref>
 
More broadly, the term entheogen is used to refer to any psychoactive substance used for its religious or spiritual effects, whether or not in a formal religious or traditional structure. This terminology is often chosen to contrast with the recreational use of the same substances. Studies such as the [[Marsh Chapel Experiment]] have documented reports of spiritual experiences from participants who were administered psychoactive substances in controlled trials.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Griffiths, R. R.)), ((Richards, W. A.)), ((McCann, U.)), ((Jesse, R.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance | volume=187 | issue=3 | pages=268–283 | date= August 2006 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5}}</ref> Ongoing research is limited due to widespread drug prohibition; however, some countries have legislation that allows for traditional entheogen use.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The term "entheogen" comes from the Greek en, meaning “in” or “within”; theo, meaning “god” or “divine”; and gen, meaning “creates” or “generates.” It translates as “generating or creating the divine within".{{citation needed}}
The term "entheogen" comes from the Greek en, meaning “in” or “within”; theo, meaning “god” or “divine”; and gen, meaning “creates” or “generates.” It translates as “generating or creating the divine within".{{citation needed}}
==List of entheogens==
===Animal===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Common name
! Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
|-
! [[Bufotoxin]]s
| ''[[Colorado River toad|Bufo alvarius]]'' (and other ''Bufo'' spp.)
| Secretion: [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[bufotenin]] (et al)
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.<ref>{{cite journal|title=BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence.|journal=Alberto José Varela|url=http://www.albertojosevarela.com/en/bufo-alvarius/}}</ref> Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
|-
! Bullet ant venom
| ''[[Paraponera clavata]]''
| Secretion: [[Poneratoxin]]
| [[Deliriant]]
| The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/travel/Holidays/Wildlife/article77936.ece |publisher=The Sunday Times | location=London | title=Bitten by the Amazon | first=Steve | last=Backshall | date=6 January 2008 | accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref>
|}
===Mushroom===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Common name
! Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
|-
! ''Dictyonema huaorani''
| ''[[Dictyonema huaorani (mycology)|Dictyonema huaorani]]''
| [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[DMT]], [[psilocybin]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Confirmed used by shamans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://psilosybiini.info/paperit/Dictyonema%20huaorani%20(Agaricales%3B%20Hygrophoraceae),%20a%20new%20lichenized%20basidiomycete%20from%20Amazonian%20Ecuador%20with%20presumed%20hallucinogenic%20properties%20(Schmull%20et%20al.,%202014).pdf}}</ref> Decoction of this lichen has been used by people in Iceland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychedelic Lichen - Psychedelic Press UK |url=http://psypressuk.com/2012/12/03/psychedelic-lichen/ |website=Psychedelic Press UK |date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
! [[Fly agaric]]
| ''[[Amanita muscaria (mycology)|Amanita muscaria]]''
| [[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
| [[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
| Siberian shamans.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nyberg, H.|year=1992|title=Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures|journal=Karstenia |volume=32|issue=71–80}}</ref> Scandinavia. The [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] drink of India.
|-
! [[Panther cap]]
| ''[[Amanita pantherina]]''
| [[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
| [[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
|
|-
! [[Psilocybin mushroom]]
| ''[[Psilocybe]]'' spp. (etc)
| [[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]];<br />[[baeocystin]] and [[norbaeocystin]] (some species)
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Mazatec<ref name="Wasson 1980">{{cite book |author=Wasson RG. |title=The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica |year=1980 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-07-068443-0}}</ref>
|}
===Plant===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Common name
! Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
|-
! [[African dream herb]]
| ''[[Entada rheedii]]''
| Seed
| [[Oneirogen]]
| The species is employed in African traditional medicine to induce vivid dreams, enabling communication with the spirit world. The inner meat of the seed would be either consumed directly, or the meat would be chopped, dried, mixed with other herbs like tobacco and smoked just before sleep to induce the desired dreams.<ref>[http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=384 "Entada rheedii - African Dream Herb"], www.entheology.org</ref>
|-
! [[African dream root]]
| ''[[Silene undulata]]''
| Root: Possibly triterpenoid saponins
| [[Oneirogen]]
| Xhosa people of South Africa.<ref name="Sobiecki">{{cite journal | author = J. F. Sobiecki | url = http://www.sahumanities.org.za/uploads/41553940-4b19-4e56-b576-4353a5485138/sobiecki.pdf | title = A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects | journal = Southern African Humanities | volume = 20 | pages = 333–351 | date = 2008}}</ref>
|-
! [[Angel's trumpet]]
| ''[[Brugmansia]]'' [[Species pluralis|spp.]]
| Seed, flower, leaf: [[Tropane alkaloid]]s
| [[Deliriant]]
| South America,<ref name="The Way of the Shaman">{{cite book |last= Harner|first= Michael|date= 1980|title= The Way of the Shaman| location= New York |publisher= Harper & Row |accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> sometimes used as part of [[ayahuasca]].
|-
! [[Ayahuasca]]
| ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]''
| Bark: [[Harmine]] 0.31-0.84%,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Callaway | first1 = JC | last2 = Brito | first2 = GS | last3 = Neves | first3 = ES | year = 2005 | title = Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis | url = | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 145–150 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795 | pmid=16149327}}</ref>  [[tetrahydroharmine]], [[telepathine]], [[dihydroshihunine]],<ref name="glasby">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA124&lpg=RA1-PA124&dq=erythrina+alkaloids&source=web&ots=e5SBqn4GS7&sig=JdEQoIKcYwAM7N_cTUtCQNhl6Hc|title=Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> 5-MeO-DMT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql |title=Chemical Information |publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=2008-04-11 |last= |first= }}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
| South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Brazil and United States.
|-
! [[Bitter-grass]]
| ''[[Calea ternifolia]]''
| Leaf: Caleicines and caleochromenes
| [[Oneirogen]]
| The Chontal people of Oaxaca reportedly use the plant, known locally as ''thle-pela-kano'', during divination.
|-
! [[Bolivian torch cactus]]
| ''[[Echinopsis lageniformis]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
| South America
|-
! [[Cannabis]] (marijuana, [[hashish]], [[kief]])
| ''[[Cannabis]]'' spp.
| Flower: [[Cannabinoid]]s ([[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], and [[CBD]])
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups.
|-
! [[Chacruna]]
| ''[[Psychotria viridis]]''
| Leaf: DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. [[Santo Daime]] have used it as part of ayahuasca.
|-
! [[Chaliponga]]
| ''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]''
| Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of [[ayahuasca]].
|-
! [[Christmas vine]]
| ''[[Turbina corymbosa (botany)|Turbina corymbosa]]''
| Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html |title=Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com |publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last= |first= }}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
| [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS"/>
|-
! [[Harmal]] (espand)
| ''[[Peganum harmala]]''
| Seed: [[Harmaline]] and other [[harmala alkaloid]]s
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Iran and the Middle East.
|-
! [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]
| ''[[Argyreia nervosa (botany)|Argyreia nervosa]]''
| Seed: 0.325% [[ergoline derivative]]s of dry weight.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH |year=1973 |title=Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer |journal=J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=588–91 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600620409}}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge|url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=28|website=www.entheology.org}}</ref>
|-
! [[Henbane]]
| ''[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]''
| Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids
| [[Deliriant]]
| Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
|-
! [[Iboga]]
| ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]''
| Root bark: [[Ibogaine]]<ref name="ibogaine-tihkal">{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal25.shtml|title=Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Bwiti] religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
|-
! [[Jimson weed]]
| ''[[Datura stramonium]]''
| Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/601?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Deliriant]]
| Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.<ref name="Biaggioni-2011-p77">{{cite book|authors=Biaggioni, Italo|title=Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System|publisher=Academic Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-12-386525-0|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FycmOkb-T1gC&pg=PA77|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Pennachio-2010-pp82-83">{{Cite book|authors=Pennachio, Marcello|title=Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-537001-0|pages=82–83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pr9fgQIr5LkC&pg=PA82|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Davis, Wade|title=The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1997|isbn=978-0-684-83929-5|page={{page needed|date=July 2012}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAs-JZ1MhoMC}}</ref> It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
|-
! [[Jurema]]
| ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)|Mimosa tenuiflora]]'' syn. '''Mimosa hostilis'''
| Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |authorlink=Christian Rätsch |title=Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. |publisher=AT-Verl. |location=Aarau |url= |id= |isbn=978-3-85502-570-1 |page=15}}</ref> and [[yuremamine]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Used by the Jurema Cult (''O Culto da Jurema'') in the Northeastern Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil|url=https://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n3/08327yat.html|website=www.maps.org}}</ref>
|-
! [[Labrador tea]]
| ''[[Rhododendron (botany)|Rhododendron]]'' spp.
| Leaf: [[Ledol]], some [[grayanotoxin]]s
| [[Deliriant]]
| Caucasian peasants used ''[[Rhododendron]]'' plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.<ref name=Andrews>{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Steve |author-link1=Steve Andrews |last2=Rindsberg |first2=Katrina |date=April 2001  |title=Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere |language=English |publisher=Loompanics Unlimited |publication-date=April 2001 |asin=1559502118 |isbn=9781559502115 |oclc=780276732 }}</ref>
|-
! [[Mad honey]]
| ''[[Rhododendron ponticum]]''
| Nectar: [[Grayanotoxin]]s
| [[Deliriant]]
| In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/hallucinogen-honey-hunters/ |title=Hallucinogen honey hunters |last1=Treza |first1=Raphael |last2= |first2= |date=2011 |website=topdocumentaryfilms.com |publisher= |access-date=20 October 2015 |quote=}}</ref><ref>Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., & van der Heyden, M. A. (2012). Grayanotoxin Poisoning:‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 12(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2</ref>
|-
! [[Mexican morning glory]]
| ''[[Ipomoea tricolor (botany)|Ipomoea tricolor]]''
| Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
| [[Psychedelic]]
| [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotecs]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300}}</ref>
|-
! [[Beach moonflower]]
| ''[[Ipomoea violacea (botany)|Ipomoea violacea]]
| Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
| [[Psychedelic]]
| [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS">http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html</ref>
|-
! [[Myristica sebifera]]
| ''[[Virola sebifera]]''
| Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.<ref name="Rätsch">Christian Rätsch: ''Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen''. AT Verlag, 2007, 8. Auflage, {{ISBN|978-3-03800-352-6}}</ref>
|-
! [[Nyakwána]]
| ''[[Virola elongata]]''
| Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an [[entheogen]] known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid =  5806312 | year =  1969 | last1 =  Agurell | first1 =  S | last2 =  Holmstedt | first2 =  B | last3 =  Lindgren | first3 =  JE | last4 =  Schultes | first4 =  RE | title =  Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest | volume =  23 | issue =  3 | pages =  903–16 | journal =  Acta Chemica Scandinavica | doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903}}</ref>
|-
! [[Peruvian torch cactus]]
| ''[[Echinopsis peruviana]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
|-
! [[Peyote]]
| ''[[Lophophora williamsii]]''
| Stem: Mescaline
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Native American Church is known as peyotism.<ref name=altreligion>{{cite web|url=http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/p/Peyote-And-The-Native-American-Church.htm|title=Peyote and the Native American Church|author=Catherine Beyer|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf</ref> Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
|-
! [[Salvia]]
| ''[[Salvia divinorum]]''
| Leaf: [[Salvinorin A]] and other [[salvinorin]]s
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Mazatec<ref name="Valdés1983p287">[[#refValdes1983|Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983]], p.&nbsp;287.</ref>
|-
! [[San Pedro cactus]]
| ''[[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|Echinopsis pachanoi]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
| South America
|-
! [[Vilca]]
| ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]''
| Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Ott J |title=Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine |journal=J Psychoactive Drugs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=273–81 |year=2001 |pmid=11718320 |url=http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref>  DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name ''hatáj''.<ref name="ott1">{{cite book |author =Ott, Jonathan |author-link =Jonathan Ott |title=Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines |publisher=EthnoBotanica |location= |year=2001 |page=90 |isbn=1-888755-02-4 |url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books/shamanic_snuffs.shtml}}</ref>
|-
! [[Yopo]]
| ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]''
| Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref>[http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine] by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Juan P. Ogalde |author2=Bernardo T. Arriaza |author3=Elia C. Soto | title = Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.) | journal = Latin American Antiquity | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | year = 2010 | pages = 441–450}}</ref>
|}
===Chemicals===
Many modern chemicals with little human history have been recognized to be able to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like [[4-AcO-DMT]] are [[prodrugs]] that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens.
While synthetic [[DMT]] and [[mescaline]] are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as [[extraction (chemistry)|extracted]] or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated [[THC]] produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as [[cannabidiol]] and [[cannabinol]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Substance
! IUPAC name
! Substance effect class
! Notes
|-
! [[2C-B]]
| 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
| 2C-B is used as [[entheogen]] by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "''Medicine of the Singing Ancestors''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers. |publisher=Tacethno.com |date=2008-03-27 |access-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B] Erowid</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack] Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org</ref>
|-
! [[5-MeO-DMT]]
| 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|-
! [[Bufotenin]]
| 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|-
! [[DMT]]
| 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|-
! [[Dipropyltryptamine|DPT]]
| N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine
| [[Psychedelic]]
| DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychede.tripod.com/ |title=Temple of the true inner light |publisher=psychede.tripod.com |accessdate=2013-03-31}}</ref>
|-
! [[Harmaline]]
| 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Peganum harmala''
|-
! [[Ibogaine]]
| 12-Methoxyibogamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Tabernanthe iboga''
|-
! [[LSA]]
| (8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|-
! [[LSD]]
| (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
|-
! [[MDMA]]
| (RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
| [[Entactogen]]
| Small doses of [[MDMA]] are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.<ref name="MDMA and Religion">[http://csp.org/practices/entheogens/docs/saunders-ecstasy_rel.html MDMA and Religion]. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.</ref>
|-
! [[Muscimol]]
| 5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol
| [[Deliriant]]
| See ''Amanita'' spp.
|-
! [[Psilocybin]]
| [3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate
| [[Psychedelic]]
| (See also ''Psilocybe'' spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera [[María Sabina]] was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic [[psilocybin]] named Indocybin synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/ott2.html |title=Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A |publisher=Sagewisdom.org |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref>
|-
! [[Salvinorin A]]
| methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Salvia divinorum''
|}


==Entheogens in literature==
==Entheogens in literature==
Line 352: Line 39:


[[Category:Entheogen|*]]
[[Category:Entheogen|*]]
{{#set:Featured=true}}
Retrieved from "http://psy.st/wiki/Entheogen"