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Etizolam: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/Etizolam}} | {{SubstanceBox/Etizolam}} | ||
'''Etizolam''' (also known as '''Etilaam''', '''Etizest''', and many others) is a novel [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::thienodiazepine]] class. Etizolam is chemically related to [[benzodiazepines]] and acts by binding to [[GABA]] receptors in the brain. | '''Etizolam''' (also known as '''Etilaam''', '''Etizest''', '''Depas''', and many others) is a novel [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::thienodiazepine]] class. Etizolam is chemically related to [[benzodiazepines]] and acts by binding to [[GABA]] receptors in the brain. | ||
Etizolam is not commonly prescribed. It has been sold as a [[research chemical]] online and is commonly used as a substitute for pharmaceutical benzodiazepines like [[alprazolam]] ('''Xanax''') or [[diazepam]] ('''Valium'''). Etizolam is commonly found in pellet or pill form, laid on blotter paper, or as a pure powder. | Etizolam is not commonly prescribed. It has been sold as a [[research chemical]] online and is commonly used as a substitute for pharmaceutical benzodiazepines like [[alprazolam]] ('''Xanax''') or [[diazepam]] ('''Valium'''). Etizolam is commonly found in pellet or pill form, laid on blotter paper, dissolved in propylene glycol or as a pure powder. | ||
[[Subjective effects]] include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]], and [[euphoria]]. Etizolam is commonly administered [[oral|orally]] and [[sublingual|sublingually]] due to the high bioavailability of these routes. | [[Subjective effects]] include [[anxiety suppression]], [[disinhibition]], [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]], and [[euphoria]]. Etizolam is commonly administered [[oral|orally]] and [[sublingual|sublingually]] due to the high bioavailability of these routes. | ||
As with [[benzodiazepines]], [[Thienodiazepine#Discontinuation|the sudden discontinuation of thienodiazepines]] can be dangerous or even life-threatening for long-term or heavy users. As a result, individuals who are physically dependent on this substance are advised to [[taper]] their dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day over a prolonged period of time instead of stopping use abruptly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kahan, M.)), ((Wilson, L.)), ((Mailis-Gagnon, A.)), ((Srivastava, A.)) | journal=Canadian Family Physician | title=Canadian guideline for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain. Appendix B-6: Benzodiazepine Tapering | volume=57 | issue=11 | pages=1269–1276 | date= November 2011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215603/ | issn=0008-350X}}</ref> | |||
Due to its high abuse and addiction potential, it is highly advised to use proper [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance. | Due to its high abuse and addiction potential, it is highly advised to use proper [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.{{citation needed|reason=Personal experience and anecdotal reports suggest the contrary. Are there any references on specifically etizolam causing strong addiction as benzodiazepines?|date=November 2020}} | ||
==History and culture== | ==History and culture== | ||
{{HistoryStub}} | {{HistoryStub}} | ||
Etizolam first appeared on the online [[research chemical]] market in 2011. Since then its popularity has steadily increased. This likely owes itself to both its low cost and its abundance, and the highly dependence-forming and addictive nature that it shares with recreationally-used benzodiazepines.<ref> | Etizolam first appeared on the online [[research chemical]] market in 2011. Since then its popularity has steadily increased. This likely owes itself to both its low cost and its abundance, and the highly dependence-forming and addictive nature that it shares with recreationally-used benzodiazepines.<ref>{{Citation | title=Etizolam - TripSit wiki | url=https://wiki.tripsit.me/wiki/Etizolam | access-date=11 May 2017}}</ref> | ||
Etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world, commonly under brand names like ''Etilaam'' and ''Etizest''. Its origins as a medical drug are unclear, although medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety have been documented as early as the 1990s.<ref>Sanna, E., Pau, D., Tuveri, F., Massa, F., Maciocco, E., Acquas, C., ... | Etizolam differs from most other research chemicals in that it is approved and actively prescribed as a medical treatment for anxiety in many countries around the world, commonly under brand names like ''Etilaam'' and ''Etizest''. Its origins as a medical drug are unclear, although medical papers citing its use in the treatment of anxiety have been documented as early as the 1990s.<ref name="Sanna2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sanna, E.)), ((Pau, D.)), ((Tuveri, F.)), ((Massa, F.)), ((Maciocco, E.)), ((Acquas, C.)), ((Floris, C.)), ((Fontana, S.)), ((Maira, G.)), ((Biggio, G.)) | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | title=Molecular and Neurochemical Evaluation of the Effects of Etizolam on GABAA Receptors under Normal and Stress Conditions | volume=49 | issue=02 | pages=88–95 | date=28 December 2011 | url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0031-1300366 | issn=0004-4172 | doi=10.1055/s-0031-1300366}}</ref> | ||
==Chemistry== | ==Chemistry== | ||
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
Thienodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor | Thienodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine binding site (formerly referred to as the BZD receptor) at the GABA-A receptor complex, magnifying the efficicacy and effects of the neurotransmitter [[GABA|gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)]] by increasing its ability to bind more readily to its own [[receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Haefely, W.)) | journal=Neuroscience Letters | title=Benzodiazepine interactions with GABA receptors | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=201–206 | date=29 June 1984 | issn=0304-3940 | doi=10.1016/0304-3940(84)90514-7}}</ref> This is known as positive allosteric modulation.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684331/#s2title</ref> As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming effects]]) of etizolam on the nervous system. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
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{{effects/paradoxical| | {{effects/paradoxical| | ||
Paradoxical reactions to [[benzodiazepines]] such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref> | Paradoxical reactions to [[benzodiazepines]] such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Saïas, T.)), ((Gallarda, T.)) | journal=L’Encephale | title=[Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review] | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=330–336 | date= September 2008 | issn=0013-7006 | doi=10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Paton, C.)) | journal=Psychiatric Bulletin | title=Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | volume=26 | issue=12 | pages=460–462 | date= December 2002 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/benzodiazepines-and-disinhibition-a-review/421AF197362B55EDF004700452BF3BC6 | issn=0955-6036 | doi=10.1192/pb.26.12.460}}</ref> These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bond, A. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Drug- Induced Behavioural Disinhibition | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=41–57 | date=1 January 1998 | url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Drummer, O. H.)) | journal=Forensic Science Review | title=Benzodiazepines - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior | volume=14 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–14 | date= February 2002 | issn=1042-7201}}</ref> Although not formally studied, thienodiazepines are assumed to share this risk. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
[[File:Blepharospasm.png|thumb|250px|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm Blepharospasms] (twitching eyelid) can occur with long-term use.<ref>Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm. | [[File:Blepharospasm.png|thumb|250px|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm Blepharospasms] (twitching eyelid) can occur with long-term use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wakakura, M.)), ((Tsubouchi, T.)), ((Inouye, J.)) | journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | title=Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm | volume=75 | issue=3 | pages=506–507 | date= March 2004 | issn=0022-3050 | doi=10.1136/jnnp.2003.019869}}</ref> Rarely, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum erythema annulare centrifugum] skin lesions have also been reported.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kuroda, K.)), ((Yabunami, H.)), ((Hisanaga, Y.)) | journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology | title=Etizolam-induced superficial erythema annulare centrifugum | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=34–36 | date= January 2002 | issn=0307-6938 | doi=10.1046/j.0307-6938.2001.00943.x}} | ||
</ref>]] | |||
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | {{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}} | ||
Etizolam likely has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref>Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective | Etizolam likely has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mandrioli, R.)), ((Mercolini, L.)), ((Raggi, M. A.)) | journal=Current Drug Metabolism | title=Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective | volume=9 | issue=8 | pages=827–844 | date= October 2008 | issn=1389-2002 | doi=10.2174/138920008786049258}} | ||
</ref> However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[opioids]]]]. | |||
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] such as [[volumetric dosing]] when using this substance. | It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] such as [[volumetric dosing]] when using this substance. | ||
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Like most benzodiazepines, etizolam is considered to be [[Addiction potential::highly addictive with a high potential for abuse]]. | Like most benzodiazepines, etizolam is considered to be [[Addiction potential::highly addictive with a high potential for abuse]]. | ||
In one study in which multiple doses of either etizolam or lorazepam were administered to rat neurons, tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of lorazepam but not to etizolam was observed.<ref name="thirteen">Sanna, E | In one study in which multiple doses of either etizolam or lorazepam were administered to rat neurons, tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of lorazepam but not to etizolam was observed.<ref name="thirteen">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sanna, E.)), ((Busonero, F.)), ((Talani, G.)), ((Mostallino, M. C.)), ((Mura, M. L.)), ((Pisu, M. G.)), ((Maciocco, E.)), ((Serra, M.)), ((Biggio, G.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=Low tolerance and dependence liabilities of etizolam: molecular, functional, and pharmacological correlates | volume=519 | issue=1–2 | pages=31–42 | date=5 September 2005 | issn=0014-2999 | doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.047}}</ref> Etizolam therefore has a reduced liability to induce tolerance, and dependence when compared with classic benzodiazepines.<ref name="thirteen" /> | ||
Tolerance will, however, develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects [[Time to full tolerance::within a couple of days of continuous use]]. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in [[Time to zero tolerance::7 - 14 days]]. However, in certain cases this may take significantly longer in a manner which is proportional to the duration and intensity of one's long-term usage. | Tolerance will, however, develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects [[Time to full tolerance::within a couple of days of continuous use]]. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in [[Time to zero tolerance::7 - 14 days]]. However, in certain cases this may take significantly longer in a manner which is proportional to the duration and intensity of one's long-term usage. | ||
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Thienodiazepine overdose may occur when taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. | Thienodiazepine overdose may occur when taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. | ||
This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as [[barbiturate |barbiturates]] and [[alcohol]] since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, thus their effects potentiate one another. | This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as [[barbiturate |barbiturates]] and [[alcohol]] since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor, thus their effects potentiate one another. | ||
Thienodiazepine increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer<ref> | Thienodiazepine increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Twyman, R. E.)), ((Rogers, C. J.)), ((Macdonald, R. L.)) | journal=Annals of Neurology | title=Differential regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital | volume=25 | issue=3 | pages=213–220 | date= March 1989 | issn=0364-5134 | doi=10.1002/ana.410250302}}</ref>. | ||
Thienodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly. | Thienodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly. | ||
Symptoms of a thienodiazepine overdose may include severe [[thought deceleration]], [[language suppression |slurred speech]], [[confusion]], [[delusions]], [[respiratory depression]], coma or death. | Symptoms of a thienodiazepine overdose may include severe [[thought deceleration]], [[language suppression |slurred speech]], [[confusion]], [[delusions]], [[respiratory depression]], coma or death. | ||
Thienodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. | Thienodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. | ||
Thienodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with [[flumazenil]], a GABA<sub>A</sub> antagonist<ref>Flumazenil | Thienodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with [[flumazenil]], a GABA<sub>A</sub> antagonist<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hoffman, E. J.)), ((Warren, E. W.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacy | title=Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist | volume=12 | issue=9 | pages=641–656; quiz 699–701 | date= September 1993 | issn=0278-2677}} | ||
</ref>. However, care is primarily supportive in nature. | |||
===Dangerous interactions=== | ===Dangerous interactions=== | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
Internationally, | Internationally, etizolam was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule IV controlled substance in March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Announcement/Details/021820a0-8746-42a4-9ee3-47ce50b30ca3|date=December 2019|title=WHO: World Health Organization recommends 12 NPS for scheduling|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/18-03-2020-c-n-d-accepts-all-w-h-o-recommendations-from-42nd-e-c-d-d|title=CND accepts all WHO recommendations on the control of several psychoactive substances from the 42nd ECDD meeting|date=March 18, 2020|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> | ||
*''' | |||
*'''Australia''': Schedule 4 issued by the Office of Drug Control, in accordance with Regulation 5 of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. Does not state it is Schedule 4 in Poison Standard October 2020<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=Health | title=Poisons Standard October 2020 | url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2020L01255/Html/Text}}</ref>, but it may fall under the analog act for deschloroetizolam. License and permit are required for import/export. | |||
*'''Austria''': Etizolam is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import since 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/themen/gesundheit_und_notfaelle/sucht/2/1/Seite.1520660.html|title=Neue Psychoaktive Substanzen|publisher=Bundeskriminalamt Österreich|access-date=February 17, 2022|language=de}}</ref> under the NPSG (''Neue Psychoaktive Substanzen Gesetz''). However, offenders with no intent to distribute will likely not have to face a charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20007605|title=NPSG |publisher=Bundeskriminalamt Österreich|access-date=February 17, 2022|language=de}}</ref> | |||
*'''Brazil''': Since March 23, 2021, due to ANVISA's Resolution RDC nº 473<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antigo.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/6236630/%282%29RDC_473_2021_.pdf/7a65445f-52a1-4533-97c7-6d96eff3b8e1|title=Resolução de diretoria colegiada - RDC Nº 473|access-date=May 20, 2021|language=pt-br}}</ref>, possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204528/https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/medicamentos/controlados/lista-substancias|title=Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 - Lista de substâncias sujeitas a controle especial no Brasil|access-date=May 20, 2021|language=pt-br}}</ref>. | |||
*'''Canada''': Etizolam appears to be captured under section 18 of the CDSA's Schedule VI as "Benzodiazepines, salts thereof and their derivatives" | |||
*'''Germany''': Etizolam is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl113s2274.pdf%27%5D|title=Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmvv_1998/__8.html|title=§ 8 BtMVV|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Germany''': Etizolam is controlled under Anlage III BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule III'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_iii.html|title=Anlage III BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl113s2274.pdf%27%5D|title=Siebenundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It can only be prescribed on a narcotic prescription form.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmvv_1998/__8.html|title=§ 8 BtMVV|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Japan''': Etizolam is controlled by Japan by the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Law, which makes it illegal to possess, sell, or manufacture it without a prescription.<ref>{{cite web|title=新たに３物質を向精神薬に指定します|language=ja|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/oshirase/20160914-1.html|publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]|access-date=March 28, 2021}}</ref> | |||
*'''Poland''': Etizolam is a NPS class drug in Poland, making it illegal to possess or distribute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra zdrowia z dnia 21 sierpnia 2019 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001745/O/D20191745.pdf|language=pl}}</ref> | *'''Poland''': Etizolam is a NPS class drug in Poland, making it illegal to possess or distribute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra zdrowia z dnia 21 sierpnia 2019 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001745/O/D20191745.pdf|language=pl}}</ref> | ||
*'''Russia''': In Russia, since 2017, etizolam is a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>Постановление Правительства РФ от 12.07.2017 N 827 | https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=220067&dst=1000000001&date=02.12.2019</ref> | *'''Russia''': In Russia, since 2017, etizolam is a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 12.07.2017 N 827 “О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации в связи с совершенствованием контроля за оборотом наркотических средств и психотропных веществ” - КонсультантПлюс | url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=220067&dst=1000000001&date=02.12.2019}}</ref> | ||
*'''Switzerland''': Etizolam is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | *'''Switzerland''': Etizolam is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis B. Medicinal use is permitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''Turkey:''' Etizolam is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | *'''Turkey:''' Etizolam is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2013/5742">{{Citation | title=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü | url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3.htm}}</ref> <ref name="List of illegal substances for law"> https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/01/20140125-3-1.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''The Netherlands''': Etizolam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law, making it illegal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Opiumwet, Lijst II (Dutch) | year=2023|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2023-09-12#BijlageII}}</ref> | |||
*'''United Kingdom''': As of May 31st, 2017, etizolam is a Class C substance in the United Kingdom, making it illegal to possess, produce, or supply.<ref>The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2017 | http://www.tihs.org.uk/timeline/resources/2017-631.pdf</ref> | *'''United Kingdom''': As of May 31st, 2017, etizolam is a Class C substance in the United Kingdom, making it illegal to possess, produce, or supply.<ref>The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2017 | http://www.tihs.org.uk/timeline/resources/2017-631.pdf</ref> | ||
*'''United States''': Etizolam | *'''United States''': Etizolam was temporarily scheduled on January 23rd, 2023 by the DEA, making Etizolam a Schedule I controlled substance <ref>Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I | https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/23/2022-27278/schedules-of-controlled-substances-temporary-placement-of-etizolam-flualprazolam-clonazolam</ref>. Prior to its temporary scheduling, some state legislatures have passed laws prohibiting it in their jurisdictions. As of July 2019, etizolam is a controlled substance in the following states: Alabama<ref>{{Citation | title=Alabama Code Title 20. Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics § 20-2-23 | url=https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-20-food-drugs-and-cosmetics/al-code-sect-20-2-23.html}}</ref>, Arkansas<ref>http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/aboutadh/rulesregs/controlled_substances_list.pdf</ref>, Florida<ref>{{Citation | title=Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine | url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/Sections/0893.03.html}}</ref>, Georgia<ref>http://www.namsdl.org/library/946E60B2-ABB3-24A6-F087859B3EA48EC1/</ref>, Louisiana, Mississippi<ref>{{Citation | title=HB1231 (As Sent to Governor) - 2014 Regular Session | url=http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2014/html/HB/1200-1299/HB1231SG.htm}}</ref>, Texas,{{citation needed}} South Carolina<ref>{{Citation | title=Controlled Substance Schedule, SCDHEC | url=https://scdhec.gov/healthcare-quality/drug-control-register-verify/controlled-substance-schedule}}</ref> and Virginia<ref>{{Citation | title=18VAC110-20-322. Placement of chemicals in Schedule I. | url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/admincode/title18/agency110/chapter20/section322/}}</ref>, Indiana<ref>{{Citation | title=Ellington’s bill banning two deadly drugs could soon be law, State of Indiana House of Representatives | url=https://www.indianahouserepublicans.com/news/press-releases/ellington-s-bill-banning-two-deadly-drugs-could-soon-be-law/}}</ref>, and Ohio{{citation needed}}. | ||
:* '''Arizona:''' In 2018, The State Of Arizona Legislature has listed Etizolam as a controlled substance under House Bill 2033<ref> | :*'''Arizona:''' In 2018, The State Of Arizona Legislature has listed Etizolam as a controlled substance under House Bill 2033<ref>{{Citation | title=HB2033 - 531R - H Ver | url=https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/53leg/1r/bills/hb2033h.htm}}</ref> | ||
:*'''Arkansas:''' In August 2014, the state of Arkansas listed etizolam as a Schedule I substance under its substance scheduling guidelines.<ref>http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/aboutADH/RulesRegs/ControlledSubstanceListSummary.pdf</ref> | :*'''Arkansas:''' In August 2014, the state of Arkansas listed etizolam as a Schedule I substance under its substance scheduling guidelines.<ref>http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/aboutADH/RulesRegs/ControlledSubstanceListSummary.pdf</ref> | ||
:*'''North Carolina:''' On March 22, 2017, the General Assembly of North Carolina enacted an addendum to the North Carolina Controlled Substances Act including etizolam as a Schedule I substance. | :*'''North Carolina:''' On March 22, 2017, the General Assembly of North Carolina enacted an addendum to the North Carolina Controlled Substances Act including etizolam as a Schedule I substance. | ||
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*[http://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam Etizolam (Erowid Vault)] | *[http://www.erowid.org/pharms/etizolam Etizolam (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3039 Etizolam (Isomer Design)] | *[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=3039 Etizolam (Isomer Design)] | ||
*[https://drugs-forum.com/wiki/Etizolam Etizolam (Drugs-Forum)] | |||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||