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ETH-CAT: Difference between revisions

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{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/ETH-CAT}}
{{SubstanceBox/ETH-CAT}}
{{SummarySheet}}
'''Ethylcathinone''' (also known as '''Ethylpropion''', '''Ethcathinone''', and commonly as '''ETH-CAT''') is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] chemical class that produces an array of moderate [[stimulating]] and [[focus enhancement|focus enhancing]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is an active metabolite of the [[prodrug]] diethylcathinone and is thought to be responsible for its psychoactive effects.
Of the [[substituted cathinones]], ETH-CAT has been reported to be one of the most moderate, subtle and residually enduring in terms of the stimulation it produces. Although it has no pronounced, compulsive "rush" component like [[mephedrone]] ('''4-methylmethcathinone'''), ETH-CAT is often reported to exhibit a tendency to induce [[compulsive redosing]], albeit in a manner that is intended to just extend the effects of the plateau rather than reproduce the effects of the initial onset.


ETH-CAT has a relatively short period of human use but is generally thought to be well-tolerated and relatively safe, based on its molecular structure as well as reports of it possessing a so-called "ceiling effect" that generally limits the amount of potentially-distracting [[euphoria]] it can produce compared to many other stimulants in its class.  
'''Ethylcathinone''' (also known as '''Ethylpropion''', '''Ethcathinone''', and commonly as '''ETH-CAT''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the [[chemical class::cathinone]] chemical class that produces [[stimulating]] and [[focus enhancement|focus enhancing]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is structurally related to [[cathinone]] and [[methcathinone]] (MCAT), which broadly shares the effects profile of [[amphetamine]] or [[methylphenidate]].  


Historically, ETH-CAT has rarely been available on the streets, and has instead been primarily distributed as a [[research chemical]] on the online grey market.<ref>Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs) (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15639609</ref><ref>Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, alpha-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20074881</ref> However, in 2008 it was identified as an ingredient in both quasi-legal "party pills". It has also been reported as having been sold as "ecstasy" along with another [[substituted cathinone]], [[mephedrone]].<ref>Police warn of potentially fatal 'fake ecstasy' | http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-06-17/police-warn-of-potentially-fatal-fake-ecstasy/2475270</ref>
Of the [[substituted cathinones]], ETH-CAT reportedly produces the most moderate and residually long-lasting stimulation, with subtle effects that persist well after the initial rush. It has been described as having a more functional than recreational character due to the limited euphoria it produces for a stimulant, although its short active duration can promote [[compulsive redosing]].


Due to its short history of human use, moderately compulsive nature, and unknown toxicity profile, it is strongly advised to use [[harm reduction]] techniques if choosing to use this substance.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of ETH-CAT, and it has little history of human usage. It is primarily distributed as a [[research chemical]] on the online grey market.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rösner, P.)), ((Quednow, B.)), ((Girreser, U.)), ((Junge, T.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Isomeric fluoro-methoxy-phenylalkylamines: a new series of controlled-substance analogues (designer drugs) | volume=148 | issue=2–3 | pages=143–156 | date=10 March 2005 | issn=0379-0738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camilleri, A.)), ((Johnston, M. R.)), ((Brennan, M.)), ((Davis, S.)), ((Caldicott, D. G. E.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Chemical analysis of four capsules containing the controlled substance analogues 4-methylmethcathinone, 2-fluoromethamphetamine, alpha-phthalimidopropiophenone and N-ethylcathinone | volume=197 | issue=1–3 | pages=59–66 | date=15 April 2010 | issn=1872-6283 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.048}}</ref> In 2008 it was identified as an ingredient in both quasi-legal "party pills". It has also been reported as having been sold as "ecstasy" along with another [[substituted cathinone]], [[mephedrone]].<ref>{{Citation | year=2008 | title=Police warn of potentially fatal “fake ecstasy” | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-06-17/police-warn-of-potentially-fatal-fake-ecstasy/2475270}}</ref> It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.  


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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In distinction to its N-methylated lower homolog, methcathinone (M-CAT), ETH-CAT possesses an additional ethyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. ETH-CAT can be thought of as the cathinone analog of [[ethylamphetamine]] given it has the same general formula, differing only by the addition of a single double-bonded oxygen (i.e. the ketone group).
In distinction to its N-methylated lower homolog, methcathinone (M-CAT), ETH-CAT possesses an additional ethyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. ETH-CAT can be thought of as the cathinone analog of [[ethylamphetamine]] given it has the same general formula, differing only by the addition of a single double-bonded oxygen (i.e. the ketone group).


[[File:Cathinone-general-structure.gif|thumbnail|right|215px|Cathinone substitutive structure.]]
[[File:Substituted_cathinone.svg|thumbnail|right|215px|Cathinone substitutive structure.]]


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Although the effects of ETH-CAT have not been formally studied on the same level as traditional [[amphetamines]] or other substituted cathinones like [[methcathinone]], it is possible to speculate that like other simple [[substituted cathinone]], it most likely acts principally as a [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].<ref>Kelly, J. P. (2011). Cathinone derivatives: a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. ''Drug Testing and Analysis'', 3(7‐8), 439-453. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.31</ref>  
Although the effects of ETH-CAT have not been formally studied on the same level as traditional [[amphetamines]] or other substituted cathinones like [[methcathinone]], it is possible to speculate that like other simple [[substituted cathinone]], it most likely acts principally as a [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Deventer, K.)), ((Van Eenoo, P.)), ((Baele, G.)), ((Pozo, O. J.)), ((Van Thuyne, W.)), ((Delbeke, F. T.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=Interpretation of urinary concentrations of pseudoephedrine and its metabolite cathine in relation to doping control | volume=1 | issue=5 | pages=209–213 | date= May 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.31 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.31}}</ref> It however has been shown that ETH-CAT is a selective substrate for the norepinephrine transporter (NET).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Trachsel, D.)), ((Lehmann, D.)), ((Enzensperger, C.)) | date= 2013 | title=Phenethylamine: von der Struktur zur Funktion | publisher=Nachtschatten Verlag | series=Edition Nachtschatten Science | isbn=9783037887004}}</ref>


The result of this is an effective increase in the levels of [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitters]] like [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally clear these neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. This enables dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate between the [[synaptic cleft|synaptic clefts]] of key regions of the brain associated with reward, motivation, satisfaction and pleasure to extra-endogenous levels. This mechanism is thought to account for the [[Stimulation|stimulating]], [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancing]] and [[Euphoria|euphoric]] effects that this substance produces.
The result of this is an effective increase in the levels of [[catecholamine]] [[neurotransmitters]] like [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally clear these neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft. This enables dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate between the [[synaptic cleft|synaptic clefts]] of key regions of the brain associated with reward, motivation, satisfaction and pleasure to extra-endogenous levels. This mechanism is thought to account for the [[Stimulation|stimulating]], [[Motivation enhancement|motivation enhancing]] and [[Euphoria|euphoric]] effects that this substance produces.
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{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].


===Cognitive effects===
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}
 
 
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of ETH-CAT can be broken down into several components which intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of ETH-CAT is described by many as one of mental [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]] coupled with a mild sense of [[euphoria]] that is less pronounced than the head space of [[amphetamine]], even at strong to heavy doses.
The cognitive effects of ETH-CAT can be broken down into several components which intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of ETH-CAT is described by many as one of mental [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement]] and [[thought acceleration]] coupled with a mild sense of [[euphoria]] that is less pronounced than the head space of [[amphetamine]], even at strong to heavy doses.


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*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - The cognitive euphoria that this substance produces is often reported to be extremely mild compared to other stimulants in its class.  
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - The cognitive euphoria that this substance produces is often reported to be extremely mild compared to other stimulants in its class.  
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Addiction suppression]]''' - In comparison to [[amphetamines]], ethylcathinone lacks pronounced euphoria, yet retains a similar effect profile, potentially offering reduced propensity to abuse.<ref>Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17017961</ref> This does not, however, mean that ethylcathinone is free of any habit-forming effects when taken on its own.
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''


===Visual effects===
}}
 
{{effects/visual|
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - As with most other stimulants, this component primarily occurs at higher doses or after a sustained period of redosing.
*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - As with most other stimulants, this component primarily occurs at higher doses or after a sustained period of redosing.


===After effects===
}}
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
}}
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
===Experience reports===
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
 
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Ethylcathinone.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Ethylcathinone]
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
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===Psychosis===
===Psychosis===
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[delusions]]).<ref name="amptreat">Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews'', 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 </ref> A review on treatment for [[amphetamine]] and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amptreat" /><ref>Hofmann, F. G. (1983). A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amptreat" /> Psychosis is known to arises only very rarely from therapeutic use.<ref>Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>
Abuse of compounds within the amphetamine chemical class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[delusions]]).<ref name="amptreat">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for [[amphetamine]] and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="amptreat" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="amptreat" /> Psychosis is known to arises only very rarely from therapeutic use.<ref>http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/021303s026lbl.pdf</ref>


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
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{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - Ethylcathinone can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - Ethylcathinone can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamines]].
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamines]].
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.


==Legality==
==Legal status==
ETH-CAT is currently an unscheduled compound within all parts of the world, meaning its regulation lies in a legal grey area and is not explicitly prohibited within any country. However, people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws due to its similarity to methcathinone, a widely prohibited substance, provided there is intent to sell or consume.
ETH-CAT is currently a grey area compound within many parts of the world. People may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.


*'''China''' - As of October 2015 Ethylcathinone is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''Brazil''': On September 7, 2018, all cathinone analogues are controlled substances considered illegal to possess, use and distribute. This was made possible due to a blanket ban law appended to Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>New blanket ban on synthetic illegal drugs is approved (Portuguese) | http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/noticias/-/asset_publisher/FXrpx9qY7FbU/content/combate-a-drogas-ilicitas-sinteticas-fica-mais-facil</ref>
*'''Denmark''' - Ethcathinone, along with mephedrone and flephedrone, was banned in Denmark on December 18, 2008.<ref>Forbud mod tre nye stoffer | http://nyheder.tv2.dk/article.php/id-19197033.html?forside=</ref>
*'''China''': As of October 2015 Ethylcathinone is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''Denmark''': Ethcathinone, along with mephedrone and flephedrone, was banned in Denmark on December 18, 2008.<ref>Forbud mod tre nye stoffer | http://nyheder.tv2.dk/article.php/id-19197033.html?forside=</ref>
*'''United States''' - Ethylcathinone may be considered to be an analog of amphetamine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act.The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.  
*'''Germany''': Ethylcathinone is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 26, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl112s1639.pdf%27%5D|title=Sechsundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 25, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Poland''': Ethylcathinone is a Group I-P controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Ustawa z dnia 24 kwietnia 2015 r. o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii oraz niektórych innych ustaw (Dz.U. z 2015 r. poz. 875).
  | url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20150000875}}</ref>
*'''Sweden''': Ethylcathinone in list I.<ref>https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/lagar-och-regler/foreskrifter/2011-10-konsoliderad</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Ethylcathinone is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': Ethylcathinone is a Class B drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the cathinone catch-all clause.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2010 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1207/made}}</ref>
*'''United States''': Ethylcathinone may be considered to be an analogue of amphetamine under the Federal Analogue Act.The Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.<ref>{{Citation | title=21 U.S. Code § 813 - Treatment of controlled substance analogues | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/813}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Substituted cathinone]]
*[[Substituted cathinone]]
*[[Methcathinone]]
*[[Amphetamine]]
*[[Amphetamine]]


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethcathinone Ethcathinone (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethcathinone Ethcathinone (Wikipedia)]
*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/ethylcathinone/ethylcathinone.shtml Ethcathinone (Erowid)]
*[https://erowid.org/chemicals/ethylcathinone/ethylcathinone.shtml Ethcathinone (Erowid Vault)]
*[http://drugs.tripsit.me/ethylcathinone Ethcathinone (TripSit)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=2019 ETH-CAT (Isomer Design)]


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references />
 
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Stimulant]]
[[Category:Cathinone]]
[[Category:Cathinone]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
{{#set:Featured=true}}
{{#set:Featured=true}}
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