Language depression: Difference between revisions

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'''Language ~~suppression~~''' ~~can be described~~ as the ~~experience of a decrease in one's~~ ability to use and understand ~~spoken language~~. This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. ~~It is worth noting that~~ the ~~abilities~~ to speak ~~oneself~~ and to process the speech of others ~~do not~~ necessarily become suppressed simultaneously~~. For example, one~~ may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.

'''Language depression''' (also known as '''aphasia''') is medically recognized as the decreased ability to use and understand speech.<ref name="NIDCD">{{Citation | title=What Is Aphasia? — Types, Causes and Treatment | publisher=National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) | url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/aphasia}}</ref> This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. However, the ability to speak and to process the speech of others doesn't necessarily become suppressed simultaneously; a person may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.

Language suppression is ~~an extremely consistent effect~~ under the influence of heavy dosages of [[antipsychotic~~|antipsychotics~~]] such as [[quetiapine]], [[~~risperidone~~]] and [[~~haloperidol~~]]. However, hallucinogenic compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]], and [[deliriant|deliriants]] ~~can inconsistently induce this effect under the influence~~ of ~~heavy dosages~~. This is far more likely ~~if the person is more likely if~~ the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.

Generally, this effect can be divided into four broad categories:<ref name="NIDCD" />

# '''Expressive''' (also called Broca's aphasia): difficulty in conveying thoughts through speech or writing. The person knows what she/he wants to say, but cannot find the words he needs. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table."

# '''Receptive''' (Wernicke's aphasia): difficulty understanding spoken or written language. The individual hears the voice or sees the print but cannot make sense of the words. These people may speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words. For example, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before." As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say and the speakers are often unaware of their spoken mistakes.

# '''Global''': People lose almost all language function, both comprehension and expression. They cannot speak or understand speech, nor can they read or write. This results from severe and extensive damage to the language areas of the brain. They may be unable to say even a few words or may repeat the same words or phrases over and over again.

# '''Anomic''' (or amnesiac): the least severe form of aphasia; people have difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.

Language suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis depression]] and [[thought disorganization]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]],<ref name="ChienHuang2017">{{cite journal|last1=Chien|first1=Ching-Fang|last2=Huang|first2=Poyin|last3=Hsieh|first3=Sun-Wung|title=Reversible global aphasia as a side effect of quetiapine: a case report and literature review|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=Volume 13|year=2017|pages=2257–2260|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S141273}}</ref> [[haloperidol]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Iqbal, M. M.)), ((Aneja, A.)), ((Rahman, A.)), ((Megna, J.)), ((Freemont, W.)), ((Shiplo, M.)), ((Nihilani, N.)), ((Lee, K.)) | journal=Psychiatry (Edgmont) | title=The Potential Risks of Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=36–44 | date= August 2005 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000213/ | issn=1550-5952}}

</ref> and [[risperidone]].<ref name="SinhaVandana2015">{{cite journal|last1=Sinha|first1=Preeti|last2=Vandana|first2=V.P.|last3=Lewis|first3=Nikita Vincent|last4=Jayaram|first4=M.|last5=Enderby|first5=Pamela|title=Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study|journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=15|year=2015|pages=51–55|issn=18762018|doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.005}}</ref> However, it can also occur in a less consistent form under the influence of extremely [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018">{{cite journal|last1=Dell'Erba|first1=Sara|last2=Brown|first2=David J.|last3=Proulx|first3=Michael J.|title=Synesthetic hallucinations induced by psychedelic drugs in a congenitally blind man|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|volume=60|year=2018|pages=127–132|issn=10538100|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.008}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018" /><ref name="KjellgrenJonsson2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kjellgren|first1=Anette|last2=Jonsson|first2=Kristoffer|title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=45|issue=3|year=2013|pages=276–286|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref> and [[deliriant|deliriants]].<ref name="NguyenJuurlink2004">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Huy TV|last2=Juurlink|first2=David N|title=Recurrent Ibuprofen-Induced Aseptic Meningitis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=38|issue=3|year=2004|pages=408–410|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.1D329}}</ref> This is far more likely to occur when the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.

</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

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*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]

*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]

[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:~~Suppression~~]] [[Category:Effect]]

===External links===

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia Aphasia (Wikipedia)]

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_deviance Communication deviance (Wikipedia)]

===References===

[[Category:Cognitive]]

[[Category:Depression]]

[[Category:Effect]]

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 <onlyinclude>
-'''Language suppression''' can be described as the experience of a decrease in one's ability to use and understand spoken language. This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. It is worth noting that the abilities to speak oneself and to process the speech of others do not necessarily become suppressed simultaneously. For example, one may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.
+'''Language depression''' (also known as '''aphasia''') is medically recognized as the decreased ability to use and understand speech.<ref name="NIDCD">{{Citation | title=What Is Aphasia? — Types, Causes and Treatment | publisher=National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) | url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/aphasia}}</ref> This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. However, the ability to speak and to process the speech of others doesn't necessarily become suppressed simultaneously; a person may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.
-Language suppression is an extremely consistent effect under the influence of heavy dosages of [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]] such as [[quetiapine]], [[risperidone]] and [[haloperidol]]. However, hallucinogenic compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[dissociative|dissociatives]], and [[deliriant|deliriants]] can inconsistently induce this effect under the influence of heavy dosages. This is far more likely if the person is more likely if the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.
+Generally, this effect can be divided into four broad categories:<ref name="NIDCD" />
+# '''Expressive''' (also called Broca's aphasia): difficulty in conveying thoughts through speech or writing. The person knows what she/he wants to say, but cannot find the words he needs. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table."
+# '''Receptive''' (Wernicke's aphasia): difficulty understanding spoken or written language. The individual hears the voice or sees the print but cannot make sense of the words. These people may speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words. For example, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before." As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say and the speakers are often unaware of their spoken mistakes.
+# '''Global''':    People lose almost all language function, both comprehension and expression. They cannot speak or understand speech, nor can they read or write. This results from severe and extensive damage to the language areas of the brain. They may be unable to say even a few words or may repeat the same words or phrases over and over again.
+# '''Anomic''' (or amnesiac): the least severe form of aphasia; people have difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.
+Language suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis depression]] and [[thought disorganization]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]],<ref name="ChienHuang2017">{{cite journal|last1=Chien|first1=Ching-Fang|last2=Huang|first2=Poyin|last3=Hsieh|first3=Sun-Wung|title=Reversible global aphasia as a side effect of quetiapine: a case report and literature review|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=Volume 13|year=2017|pages=2257–2260|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S141273}}</ref> [[haloperidol]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Iqbal, M. M.)), ((Aneja, A.)), ((Rahman, A.)), ((Megna, J.)), ((Freemont, W.)), ((Shiplo, M.)), ((Nihilani, N.)), ((Lee, K.)) | journal=Psychiatry (Edgmont) | title=The Potential Risks of Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=36–44 | date= August 2005 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000213/ | issn=1550-5952}}
+</ref> and [[risperidone]].<ref name="SinhaVandana2015">{{cite journal|last1=Sinha|first1=Preeti|last2=Vandana|first2=V.P.|last3=Lewis|first3=Nikita Vincent|last4=Jayaram|first4=M.|last5=Enderby|first5=Pamela|title=Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study|journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=15|year=2015|pages=51–55|issn=18762018|doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.005}}</ref> However, it can also occur in a less consistent form under the influence of extremely [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018">{{cite journal|last1=Dell'Erba|first1=Sara|last2=Brown|first2=David J.|last3=Proulx|first3=Michael J.|title=Synesthetic hallucinations induced by psychedelic drugs in a congenitally blind man|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|volume=60|year=2018|pages=127–132|issn=10538100|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.008}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018" /><ref name="KjellgrenJonsson2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kjellgren|first1=Anette|last2=Jonsson|first2=Kristoffer|title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=45|issue=3|year=2013|pages=276–286|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref> and [[deliriant|deliriants]].<ref name="NguyenJuurlink2004">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Huy TV|last2=Juurlink|first2=David N|title=Recurrent Ibuprofen-Induced Aseptic Meningitis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=38|issue=3|year=2004|pages=408–410|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.1D329}}</ref> This is far more likely to occur when the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.
 </onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
@@ Line 16: / Line 23: @@
 *[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
 *[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
-[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Suppression]] [[Category:Effect]]
+===External links===
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia Aphasia (Wikipedia)]
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_deviance Communication deviance (Wikipedia)]
+===References===
+<references />
+[[Category:Cognitive]]
+[[Category:Depression]]
+[[Category:Effect]]