Visual acuity enhancement: Difference between revisions

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{{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/IndolentDeliriousGiantschnauzer.webm|400x225|right|'''Visual acuity enhancement''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This animation serves as a replication of visual acuity enhancement, which is a common [[psychedelic]] effect. It demonstrates the general differences between normal vision and acuity enhancement by shifting between the two states. There is also a subtle amount of visual [[drifting]] within this replication.|frame}}

'''~~Acuity~~ enhancement''' is defined as a heightening of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, a person may experience the ability to observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to the default sober state where a person is only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sardegna, J.)), ((Shelly, S.)) | date= 2002 | title=The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=9780816066230 | access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

'''Visual acuity enhancement''' is defined as a heightening of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of this acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, a person may experience the ability to observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to the default sober state where a person is only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sardegna, J.)), ((Shelly, S.)) | date= 2002 | title=The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=9780816066230 | access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

While under the influence of this effect, it is common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated. For example, the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often become apparent when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures.

~~Acuity~~ enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].

Visual acuity enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].

====Image examples====

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The CSTC model of the brain posits that the thalamus plays a key role in controlling or gating external sensory information to the conscious faculties and is thereby fundamentally involved in the regulation of a person's awareness and attention.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Goddard, A. W.)), ((Charney, D. S.)) | journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Toward an integrated neurobiology of panic disorder | volume=58 Suppl 2 | pages=4-11; discussion 11-12 | date= 1997 | issn=0160-6689}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steriade|first1=M| journal=Cellular Thalamic Mechanisms | title=Intrathalamic and brainstem-thalamic networks involved in resting and alert states | date= 1988 | url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261550126241024}}</ref><ref name="SteriadeMcCormick1993">{{cite journal|last1=Steriade|first1=M|last2=McCormick|first2=D.|last3=Sejnowski|first3=T.|title=Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain|journal=Science|volume=262|issue=5134|year=1993|pages=679–685|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.8235588}}</ref><ref name="VollenweiderGeyer2001">{{cite journal|last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A|title=A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=56|issue=5|year=2001|pages=495–507|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3}}</ref> The interruption of psychedelics to these neural pathways that inhibit the sensory gating systems<ref name="VollenweiderGeyer2001">{{cite journal|last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A|title=A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=56|issue=5|year=2001|pages=495–507|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X | journal=Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research | title=Recent advances and concepts in the search for biological correlates of hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness | volume=1 | pages=21–32 | date= 1998 | url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261550401338880}}</ref> may, therefore, result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is usually filtered out by these systems. This process is likely also involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.

It is important to note that while environmental gating may be lowered, psychedelics' suggestibility ~~enhancements~~ and restructuring of internalized hierarchy of narratives within conscious experience plays a role in projecting personal biases outwards in the form of hallucinations. A psychedelic experience is not by necessity a 'more raw' version of reality.

It is important to note that while environmental gating may be lowered, psychedelics' suggestibility intensifications and restructuring of internalized hierarchy of narratives within conscious experience plays a role in projecting personal biases outwards in the form of hallucinations. A psychedelic experience is not by necessity a 'more raw' version of reality.

===Psychoactive substances===

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 <onlyinclude>
 {{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/IndolentDeliriousGiantschnauzer.webm|400x225|right|'''Visual acuity enhancement''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This animation serves as a replication of visual acuity enhancement, which is a common [[psychedelic]] effect. It demonstrates the general differences between normal vision and acuity enhancement by shifting between the two states. There is also a subtle amount of visual [[drifting]] within this replication.|frame}}
-'''Acuity enhancement''' is defined as a heightening of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, a person may experience the ability to observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to the default sober state where a person is only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sardegna, J.)), ((Shelly, S.)) | date= 2002 | title=The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=9780816066230 | access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
+'''Visual acuity enhancement''' is defined as a heightening of the clearness and clarity of vision. This results in the visual details of the external environment becoming sharpened to the point where the edges of objects become perceived as extremely focused, clear, and defined. The experience of this acuity enhancement can be likened to bringing a camera or projector lens that was slightly blurry into focus. At its highest level, a person may experience the ability to observe and comprehend their entire visual field simultaneously, including their peripheral vision. This is in contrast to the default sober state where a person is only able to perceive the small area of central vision in detail.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Sardegna, J.)), ((Shelly, S.)) | date= 2002 | title=The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=9780816066230 | access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
 While under the influence of this effect, it is common for people to suddenly notice patterns and details in the environment they may have never previously noticed or appreciated. For example, the complexity and perceived beauty of the visual input often become apparent when looking at sceneries, nature, and everyday textures.
-Acuity enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].
+Visual acuity enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[color enhancement]] and [[pattern recognition enhancement]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="BersaniCorazza2014">{{cite journal|last1=Bersani|first1=Francesco Saverio|last2=Corazza|first2=Ornella|last3=Albano|first3=Gabriella|last4=Valeriani|first4=Giuseppe|last5=Santacroce|first5=Rita|last6=Bolzan Mariotti Posocco|first6=Flaminia|last7=Cinosi|first7=Eduardo|last8=Simonato|first8=Pierluigi|last9=Martinotti|first9=Giovanni|last10=Bersani|first10=Giuseppe|last11=Schifano|first11=Fabrizio|title=25C-NBOMe: Preliminary Data on Pharmacology, Psychoactive Effects, and Toxicity of a New Potent and Dangerous Hallucinogenic Drug|journal=BioMed Research International|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–6|issn=2314-6133|doi=10.1155/2014/734749}}</ref> It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#mild|mild]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain [[stimulants]] and [[dissociatives]] such as [[MDMA]] or [[3-MeO-PCP]].
 ====Image examples====
 <center>
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 The CSTC model of the brain posits that the thalamus plays a key role in controlling or gating external sensory information to the conscious faculties and is thereby fundamentally involved in the regulation of a person's awareness and attention.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Goddard, A. W.)), ((Charney, D. S.)) | journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | title=Toward an integrated neurobiology of panic disorder | volume=58 Suppl 2 | pages=4-11; discussion 11-12 | date= 1997 | issn=0160-6689}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steriade|first1=M| journal=Cellular Thalamic Mechanisms | title=Intrathalamic and brainstem-thalamic networks involved in resting and alert states | date= 1988 | url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261550126241024}}</ref><ref name="SteriadeMcCormick1993">{{cite journal|last1=Steriade|first1=M|last2=McCormick|first2=D.|last3=Sejnowski|first3=T.|title=Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain|journal=Science|volume=262|issue=5134|year=1993|pages=679–685|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.8235588}}</ref><ref name="VollenweiderGeyer2001">{{cite journal|last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A|title=A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=56|issue=5|year=2001|pages=495–507|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3}}</ref> The interruption of psychedelics to these neural pathways that inhibit the sensory gating systems<ref name="VollenweiderGeyer2001">{{cite journal|last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A|title=A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=56|issue=5|year=2001|pages=495–507|issn=03619230|doi=10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00646-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vollenweider|first1=Franz X | journal=Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research | title=Recent advances and concepts in the search for biological correlates of hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness | volume=1 | pages=21–32 | date= 1998 | url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572261550401338880}}</ref> may, therefore, result in an enhanced availability of sensory information which is usually filtered out by these systems. This process is likely also involved in the various [[visual enhancements|visual]], [[tactile enhancement|tactile]], and [[auditory enhancement|auditory enhancements]] which commonly occur when under the influence of a psychedelic experience.
-It is important to note that while environmental gating may be lowered, psychedelics' suggestibility enhancements and restructuring of internalized hierarchy of narratives within conscious experience plays a role in projecting personal biases outwards in the form of hallucinations. A psychedelic experience is not by necessity a 'more raw' version of reality.
+It is important to note that while environmental gating may be lowered, psychedelics' suggestibility intensifications and restructuring of internalized hierarchy of narratives within conscious experience plays a role in projecting personal biases outwards in the form of hallucinations. A psychedelic experience is not by necessity a 'more raw' version of reality.
 ===Psychoactive substances===