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Salvinorin A: Difference between revisions
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{{SubstanceBox/Salvia}} | {{SubstanceBox/Salvia}} | ||
'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia | '''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia Divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt. | ||
It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}} | It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}} | ||
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==Pharmacology== | ==Pharmacology== | ||
Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a | Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor. | ||
Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ | Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref name="d2">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Seeman, P.)), ((Guan, H.-C.)), ((Hirbec, H.)) | journal=Synapse | title=Dopamine D2 High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil | volume=63 | issue=8 | pages=698–704 | date= August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/syn.20647 | issn=08874476 | doi=10.1002/syn.20647}}</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects. | ||
==Subjective effects== | ==Subjective effects== | ||
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | {{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}} | ||
{{effects/base | {{effects/base | ||
|{{effects/physical| | |{{effects/physical| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Salvia tends to produce a strong sedative effect in a dose-dependent manner. | |||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the user up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens. | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the user up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens. | ||
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting. | *'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting. | ||
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*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' | |||
}} | }} | ||
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{{effects/transpersonal| | {{effects/transpersonal| | ||
*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]''' | ||
*'''[[Effect::Near-death experience]]'''<ref name="pmid=30711788" /> | |||
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' | *'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include: | Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include: | ||
{{#ask: [[Category:Salvia]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}} | {{#ask: [[Category:Salvia]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}} | ||
{{#ask: [[Category:Salvinorin A]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}} | |||
Additional experience reports can be found here: | Additional experience reports can be found here: | ||
==Salvia | *[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Salvia_divinorum.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Salvia] | ||
==Salvia Divinorum== | |||
[[File:Salvia-divinorum-plants.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The leaves of a Salvia divinorum plant]] | [[File:Salvia-divinorum-plants.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The leaves of a Salvia divinorum plant]] | ||
'''''Salvia | '''''Salvia Divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}} | ||
===Forms of | ===Forms of Salvia Divinorum=== | ||
====='''Fresh leaf''' (sublingual)===== | ====='''Fresh leaf''' (sublingual)===== | ||
The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for [[Routes of administration#Sublingual|sublingual absorption]]. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency. | The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for [[Routes of administration#Sublingual|sublingual absorption]]. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency. | ||
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*'''Light -''' 0.25 g dried | *'''Light -''' 0.25 g dried | ||
*'''Common -''' 0.5 g dried | *'''Common -''' 0.5 g dried | ||
*'''Strong -''' 0.75–1.00 g dried | *'''Strong -''' 0.75–1.00 g dried | ||
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====='''Tea'''===== | ====='''Tea'''===== | ||
A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals. | ||
==Other salvinorin A containing plants== | |||
[[File:Salvia Recognita.jpg|thumb|Salvia Recognita]] | |||
*'''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Turkish Cliff Sage''') is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less potent than its relative ''Salvia Divinorum''. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. | |||
*'''''Salvia Glutinosa''''' (also known as '''Jupiter's Sage''') is a psychoactive plant which is far less potent than Salvia Recognita. Its native habitat is in forested areas located around Central and East Europe and West Asia, where it grows in partial shade in calcareous soils, at elevations of 330 - 5,250 feet (100 - 1,600 metres) adobe sea level. The plant grows up to a 16-24 inches (40 - 60 cm) tall and hairy leafs that span from 5.1 inches (13 cm) inches with petioles of about 3.1 - 3.9 inches ( 8 - 8 centimetres), and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers. | |||
==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
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Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}} | Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside of this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}} | ||
The effects of salvia have a subjectively unique style and pharmacology that is not found within any other category of [[hallucinogen]], this has led many within the [[psychonaut]] community assert that it deserves recognition for falling into an entirely new class of its own. Any compound within this subjective and pharmacological class could potentially be referred to as a "salviagenic". This would also include various other similar analogues such as [[Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether|Salvinorin B]] and many others.<ref>Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A | The effects of salvia have a subjectively unique style and pharmacology that is not found within any other category of [[hallucinogen]], this has led many within the [[psychonaut]] community assert that it deserves recognition for falling into an entirely new class of its own. Any compound within this subjective and pharmacological class could potentially be referred to as a "salviagenic". This would also include various other similar analogues such as [[Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether|Salvinorin B]] and many others.<ref>{{Citation | title=Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A - Salvia Divinorum - Welcome to the DMT-Nexus | url=https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823}}</ref> | ||
==Research== | ==Research== | ||
Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.<ref> | Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kivell, B. M.)), ((Ewald, A. W. M.)), ((Prisinzano, T. E.)) | journal=Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) | title=Salvinorin A analogs and other κ-opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse | volume=69 | pages=481–511 | date= 2014 | issn=1557-8925 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00012-3}}</ref> | ||
===Near-death experience=== | |||
A 2019 large-scale study found that [[ketamine]], ''Salvia divinorum'', and [[DMT]] (and other classical psychedelic substances) are linked to [[near-death experience]]s.<ref name="pmid=30711788">{{cite journal |last1=Martial |first1=C |last2=Cassol |first2=H |last3=Charland-Verville |first3=V |last4=Pallavicini |first4=C |last5=Sanz |first5=C |last6=Zamberlan |first6=F |last7=Vivot |first7=RM |last8=Erowid |first8=F |last9=Erowid |first9=E |last10=Laureys |first10=S |last11=Greyson |first11=B |last12=Tagliazucchi |first12=E |title=Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. |journal=Consciousness and cognition |date=March 2019 |volume=69 |pages=52-69 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 |pmid=30711788}}</ref> | |||
==Toxicity and harm potential== | ==Toxicity and harm potential== | ||
{{toxicity}} | |||
{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}} | |||
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. | The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. | ||
Anecdotal evidence | Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption. | ||
Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance. | ||
Please see Research Articles below in External Links section for dose related scientific research on Salvinorin A. | |||
===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ===Tolerance and addiction potential=== | ||
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==Legal status== | ==Legal status== | ||
*'''Australia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Australia.{{citation needed}} | *'''Australia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Australia.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Austria:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}} | *'''Austria:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}} | ||
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*'''Croatia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.{{citation needed}} | *'''Croatia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Czech Republic:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.{{citation needed}} | *'''Czech Republic:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Canada:''' Salvia divinorum and its preparations and derivatives (including Salvinorin A) are schedule IV in Canada.<ref> | *'''Canada:''' Salvia divinorum and its preparations and derivatives (including Salvinorin A) are schedule IV in Canada.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-15.html}}</ref> | ||
*'''Denmark:''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.{{citation needed}} | *'''Denmark:''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Germany:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess | *'''Germany:''' Salvinorin A is not controlled in Germany, however Salvia Divinorum was added to BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to grow, import, possess, sell, or transfer it as of March 1, 2008 <ref>{{Citation | title=21. BtMÄndV Einundzwanzigste Betäubungsmittelrechts-Änderungsverordnung | url=https://www.buzer.de/gesetz/8104/index.htm}}</ref> | ||
*'''Ireland:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Ireland.{{citation needed}} | *'''Ireland:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Ireland.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Italy:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Italy.{{citation needed}} | *'''Italy:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Italy.{{citation needed}} | ||
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*'''Spain:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Spain.{{citation needed}} | *'''Spain:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Spain.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''Sweden:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Sweden.{{citation needed}} | *'''Sweden:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Sweden.{{citation needed}} | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' Salvia is legal to produce, supply, or import if sold not for human consumption under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | *'''Switzerland''': Salvia divinorum as well as Salvinorin A are controlled substances specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> | ||
*'''United Kingdom:''' Salvia is legal to produce, supply, or import if sold not for human consumption under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Legal status of Salvia divinorum | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum&oldid=1097655490}}</ref> | |||
*'''United States:''' Salvinorin A is illegal in certain states.{{citation needed}} | *'''United States:''' Salvinorin A is illegal in certain states.{{citation needed}} | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Responsible use]] | *[[Responsible use]] | ||
*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia | *[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia Divinorum]] | ||
*[[Salvinorin B]] | *[[Salvinorin B]] | ||
*[[Hallucinogens]] | *[[Hallucinogens]] | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Salvinorin A (Wikipedia)] | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Salvinorin A (Wikipedia)] | ||
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=2841 Salvinorin A (Isomer Design)] | |||
*[https://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/ Salvia (Erowid Vault)] | *[https://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/ Salvia (Erowid Vault)] | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)] | |||
===Discussion=== | ===Discussion=== | ||
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/359879-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Salvia-Thread-Second-iteration The Big & Dandy Salvia Thread - Second iteration (Bluelight)] | *[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/359879-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Salvia-Thread-Second-iteration The Big & Dandy Salvia Thread - Second iteration (Bluelight)] | ||
*[https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823 Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A (DMT Nexus)] | *[https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823 Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A (DMT Nexus)] | ||
==='''Research Articles'''=== | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089685/ Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant ''Salvia divinorum''] | |||
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3581702/ Dose-related Effects of Salvinorin A in Humans: Dissociative, Hallucinogenic, and Memory Effects] | |||
==Literature== | ==Literature== | ||
* Johnson MW, Maclean KA, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. (2010) Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Dec 4. | |||
* Baggott MJ, Erowid E, Erowid F, Galloway GP, Mendelson J. (2010). Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: An internet-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Oct 1;111(3):250-6 | *Johnson MW, Maclean KA, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. (2010) Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Dec 4. | ||
* Mendelson JE, Coyle JR, Lopez JC, Baggott MJ, Flower K, Everhart ET, Munro TA, Galloway GP, Cohen BM. (2010). Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print] | *Baggott MJ, Erowid E, Erowid F, Galloway GP, Mendelson J. (2010). Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: An internet-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Oct 1;111(3):250-6 | ||
*Mendelson JE, Coyle JR, Lopez JC, Baggott MJ, Flower K, Everhart ET, Munro TA, Galloway GP, Cohen BM. (2010). Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Naturally-occurring substance]] | ||
[[Category:Salvinorin]] | |||
[[Category:Psychedelic]] | [[Category:Psychedelic]] | ||
[[Category:Dissociative]] | [[Category:Dissociative]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Entheogen]] | ||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | {{#set:Featured=true}} | ||
[[Category:Terpenoid]] | |||