PMA: Difference between revisions

(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)

Line 3:

'''''para''-Methoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-methoxyamphetamine''', '''4-MA''' and '''PMA''') is a potent [[psychoactive class::hallucinogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. PMA belongs to a family of substances known as the [[substituted amphetamines]]. However, unlike other substituted amphetamines, PMA does not produce [[stimulant]] or [[entactogen]] effects, nor [[euphoria]]. It is not taken on its own but is instead found as an ingredient in tablets of "Ecstasy" as a false substitute for [[MDMA]].

'''''para''-Methoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-methoxyamphetamine''', '''4-MeOA''', inaccurately as '''4-MA''' (which should be reserved for [[4-MA]] (4-MeA) instead) and more commonly as '''PMA''') is a potent [[psychoactive class::hallucinogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. PMA belongs to a family of substances known as the [[substituted amphetamines]]. However, unlike other substituted amphetamines, PMA does not produce [[stimulant]] or [[entactogen]] effects, nor [[euphoria]]. It is not taken on its own but is instead found as an ingredient in tablets of "Ecstasy" as a false substitute for [[MDMA]].

PMA has been around since the 1970s, where it was sold along with [[PMMA]] as Ecstasy, and has gained great attention following a number of hospitalizations and deaths. It usually does not produce much noticeable effects, which leads people ingesting more or combining it with other substances, until they eventually overdose. It produces dangerous adverse effects, including a sudden and extremely high rise in body temperature and blood pressure, abnormal heartbeats, dehydration and sometimes severe dizziness.

Line 16:

PMA acts as a [[selective serotonin releasing agent]] (SSRA) with weak effects on dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, relative to [[MDMA]], it is considerably less effective as a releaser of serotonin with properties more akin to a reuptake inhibitor in comparison. It evokes robust hyperthermia while producing only modest hyperactivity and serotonergic neurotoxicity, substantially lower than that caused by MDMA. Anecdotal reports suggest it is not particularly euphoric at all, perhaps even dysphoric in contrast. PMA has also been shown to act as a potent, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme [[MAOI|MAO-A]] with no significant effects on MAO-B, and the combination of this property and serotonin release is likely responsible for its high lethality potential.

It appears that PMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/~~wiki~~/Para-Methoxyamphetamine</ref>

It appears that PMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities).<ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=para-Methoxyamphetamine | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Para-Methoxyamphetamine&oldid=1092760206}}</ref>

==Subjective effects==

Line 83:

*'''Austria''': PMA is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) | <ref>SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz = Drug Law Austria | https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011056 </ref>

*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>

*'''Canada''': PMA is a Schedule I substance.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act ~~of Canada~~ | ~~http~~://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html</ref>

*'''Canada''': PMA is a Schedule I substance.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref>

*'''Germany''': PMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) as of September 1, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl184s1081.pdf%27%5D__1576029878276|title=Erste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref>

*'''Russia''': PMA is classed as a Schedule I substance.<ref>Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation | https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=314201&fld=134&dst=100034,0&rnd=0.41568319511755825#047741519652799347</ref>

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{SubstanceBox/PMA}}
-'''''para''-Methoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-methoxyamphetamine''', '''4-MA''' and '''PMA''') is a potent [[psychoactive class::hallucinogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. PMA belongs to a family of substances known as the [[substituted amphetamines]]. However, unlike other substituted amphetamines, PMA does not produce [[stimulant]] or [[entactogen]] effects, nor [[euphoria]]. It is not taken on its own but is instead found as an ingredient in tablets of "Ecstasy" as a false substitute for [[MDMA]].
+'''''para''-Methoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''4-methoxyamphetamine''', '''4-MeOA''', inaccurately as '''4-MA''' (which should be reserved for [[4-MA]] (4-MeA) instead) and more commonly as '''PMA''') is a potent [[psychoactive class::hallucinogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class. PMA belongs to a family of substances known as the [[substituted amphetamines]]. However, unlike other substituted amphetamines, PMA does not produce [[stimulant]] or [[entactogen]] effects, nor [[euphoria]]. It is not taken on its own but is instead found as an ingredient in tablets of "Ecstasy" as a false substitute for [[MDMA]].
 PMA has been around since the 1970s, where it was sold along with [[PMMA]] as Ecstasy, and has gained great attention following a number of hospitalizations and deaths. It usually does not produce much noticeable effects, which leads people ingesting more or combining it with other substances, until they eventually overdose. It produces dangerous adverse effects, including a sudden and extremely high rise in body temperature and blood pressure, abnormal heartbeats, dehydration and sometimes severe dizziness.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 PMA acts as a [[selective serotonin releasing agent]] (SSRA) with weak effects on dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. However, relative to [[MDMA]], it is considerably less effective as a releaser of serotonin with properties more akin to a reuptake inhibitor in comparison. It evokes robust hyperthermia while producing only modest hyperactivity and serotonergic neurotoxicity, substantially lower than that caused by MDMA. Anecdotal reports suggest it is not particularly euphoric at all, perhaps even dysphoric in contrast. PMA has also been shown to act as a potent, reversible inhibitor of the enzyme [[MAOI|MAO-A]] with no significant effects on MAO-B, and the combination of this property and serotonin release is likely responsible for its high lethality potential.
-It appears that PMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine</ref>
+It appears that PMA elevates body temperatures dramatically; the cause of this property is suspected to be related to its ability to inhibit MAO-A and at the same time releasing large amounts of serotonin, effectively causing [[serotonin syndrome]]. It appears that PMA activates the hypothalamus much more strongly than MDMA and other drugs like [[ephedrine]], thereby causing rapid increases in body temperature (which is the major cause of death in PMA mortalities).<ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=para-Methoxyamphetamine | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Para-Methoxyamphetamine&oldid=1092760206}}</ref>
 ==Subjective effects==
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 *'''Austria''': PMA is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) | <ref>SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz = Drug Law Austria | https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011056 </ref>
 *'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
-*'''Canada''': PMA is a Schedule I substance.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act of Canada | http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html</ref>
+*'''Canada''': PMA is a Schedule I substance.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref>
 *'''Germany''': PMA is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) as of September 1, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl184s1081.pdf%27%5D__1576029878276|title=Erste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 18, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
 *'''Russia''': PMA is classed as a Schedule I substance.<ref>Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation | https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=314201&fld=134&dst=100034,0&rnd=0.41568319511755825#047741519652799347</ref>