Template:DangerousInteractions/Amphetamines: Difference between revisions
>BronzeManul m Corrected GHB/GBL warning language to refer to GHB/GBL in place of it previously mistakenly referring to an 'opiate'. |
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*'''[[UncertainInteraction::GHB]]'''/'''[[UncertainInteraction::GBL]]''' - Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the depressant effects of the GHB/GBL may overcome the user and cause respiratory arrest. | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::GHB]]'''/'''[[UncertainInteraction::GBL]]''' - Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of sedatives. If the stimulant wears off first then the depressant effects of the GHB/GBL may overcome the user and cause respiratory arrest. | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Opioids]]''' - Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest. | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Opioids]]''' - Stimulants increase respiration rate allowing a higher dose of opiates. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the patient and cause respiratory arrest. | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Cocaine]]''' - | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Cocaine]]''' - The rewarding effects of cocaine are mediated by DAT inhibition, and an increase of exocytosis of dopamine through the cell membrane. Amphetamine reverses the direction of DAT and the direction vesicular transports within the cell by a pH mediated mechanism of displacement, thus excludes the regular mechanism of dopamine release through means of exocytosis because the effects Na+/K+ ATPase are inhibited. You will find cardiac effects with the combination of cocaine and amphetamine due to a SERT mediated mechanism from the subsequent activation of 5-HT2B, which is an effect of serotonin-related valvulopathy. Amphetamines generally cause hypertension in models of abuse, and this combination can increase the chances of syncope due to turbulent blood flow during valve operation. The rewarding mechanisms of cocaine are reversed by administration of amphetamine.<ref name="Greenwald2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Greenwald, M. K.)), ((Lundahl, L. H.)), ((Steinmiller, C. L.)) | journal=Neuropsychopharmacology | title=Sustained Release d-Amphetamine Reduces Cocaine but not ‘Speedball’-Seeking in Buprenorphine-Maintained Volunteers: A Test of Dual-Agonist Pharmacotherapy for Cocaine/Heroin Polydrug Abusers | volume=35 | issue=13 | pages=2624–2637 | date= December 2010 | url=http://www.nature.com/articles/npp2010175 | issn=0893-133X | doi=10.1038/npp.2010.175}}</ref><ref name="Siciliano2018">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Siciliano, C. A.)), ((Saha, K.)), ((Calipari, E. S.)), ((Fordahl, S. C.)), ((Chen, R.)), ((Khoshbouei, H.)), ((Jones, S. R.)) | journal=The Journal of Neuroscience | title=Amphetamine Reverses Escalated Cocaine Intake via Restoration of Dopamine Transporter Conformation | volume=38 | issue=2 | pages=484–497 | date=10 January 2018 | url=https://www.jneurosci.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-17.2017 | issn=0270-6474 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-17.2017}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Cannabis]]''' - Stimulants increase [[anxiety]] levels and the risk of [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]] which can lead to negative experiences. | |||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Caffeine]]''' - This combination of stimulants is generally considered unnecessary and may increase strain on the heart, as well as potentially causing anxiety and physical discomfort. | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Caffeine]]''' - This combination of stimulants is generally considered unnecessary and may increase strain on the heart, as well as potentially causing anxiety and physical discomfort. | ||
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures. | *'''[[DangerousInteraction::Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol and stimulants both increase the risk of seizures. | ||
*'''[[UnsafeInteraction::DXM]]''' - Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these substances have led to more serious heart issues. | *'''[[UnsafeInteraction::DXM]]''' - Both substances raise heart rate, in extreme cases, panic attacks caused by these substances have led to more serious heart issues. | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Ketamine]]''' - | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Ketamine]]''' - Combining amphetamine and ketamine may result in psychoses that resemble schizophrenia, but not worse than the psychoses produced by either substance alone, but this is debatable. This is due to amphetamines ability to attenuated the disruption of working memory caused by ketamine. Amphetamine alone may result in grandiosity, paranoia, or somatic delusions with little to no effect on negative symptoms. Ketamine, however, will result in thought disorders, disruption of executive functioning, and delusions due to a modification of conception. These mechanisms are due to an increase of dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway caused by amphetamine due to its pharmacology effecting dopamine, and due to a disruption of dopaminergic functioning in the mesocortical pathways via NMDA antagonism effects of ketamine. Combining the two, you may expect mainly thought disorder along with positive symptoms.<ref name="Krystal2005">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Krystal, J. H.)), ((Perry, E. B.)), ((Gueorguieva, R.)), ((Belger, A.)), ((Madonick, S. H.)), ((Abi-Dargham, A.)), ((Cooper, T. B.)), ((MacDougall, L.)), ((Abi-Saab, W.)), ((D’Souza, D. C.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Comparative and Interactive Human Psychopharmacologic Effects of Ketamine and Amphetamine: Implications for Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Model Psychoses and Cognitive Function | volume=62 | issue=9 | pages=985 | date=1 September 2005 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.985 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.985}}</ref> | ||
*'''[[UnsafeInteraction::PCP]]''' - Increases risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states. | *'''[[UnsafeInteraction::PCP]]''' - Increases risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states. | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Methoxetamine]]''' - Increases risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states. | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Methoxetamine]]''' - Increases risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and manic states. | ||
*'''[[UncertainInteraction::Psychedelics]]''' - Increases risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[thought loops]]. | *'''[[UncertainInteraction::Psychedelics]]''' (e.g. '''''[[LSD]], [[mescaline]], [[psilocybin]]''''') - Increases risk of [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], and [[thought loops]]. | ||
**'''[[UnsafeInteraction::25x-NBOMe]]''' - Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation that when combined they can result in tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and, in extreme cases, heart failure. The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant thought loops. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk. | **'''[[UnsafeInteraction::25x-NBOMe]]''' - Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation that when combined they can result in tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and, in extreme cases, heart failure. The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant thought loops. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk. | ||
**'''[[UnsafeInteraction::2C-T-x]]''' - Suspected of mild MAOI properties. May increase the risk of hypertensive crisis. | |||
**'''[[UnsafeInteraction::5-MeO-xxT]]''' - Suspected of mild MAOI properties. May increase the risk of hypertensive crisis. | |||
**'''[[UnsafeInteraction::5-MeO-xxT | |||
**'''[[UnsafeInteraction::DOx]]''' | **'''[[UnsafeInteraction::DOx]]''' | ||
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::aMT]]''' - aMT has MAOI properties which may interact unfavorably with amphetamines. | |||
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::MAOIs]]''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises. | *'''[[DangerousInteraction::MAOIs]]''' - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably. MAO-A inhibitors with amphetamine can lead to hypertensive crises. |